NOT QUITE THE EGYPTIAN WORDLIST An Amateuristic Quest for a Voice Long Lost Sami Paldanius - Last edit: November 2012 First draft 2005 (online 2006) - Key (see also Literature Consulted at the end of file) å .... 1. an open back vowel of unspecifiable length / 2. in Hebr./Aram. ........... references = qametz AL .... Antonio Loprieno (two sources : see /LI/, /EotW/) BA .... Biblical Aramaic CGr. .... Classical Greek DEV .... Takács, Gabór : Development of Afro-Asiatic (Semito-Hamitic) comparative- ........... historical linguistics in Russia and the former Soviet Union Dem. .... Demotic e .... 1. possible 'schwa' / 2. vowel of uncertain qualities (= V) / 3. dialectal ........... variant vowel (cf. spoken Semitic languages) E .... stressed vowel of uncertain qualities EotW .... Otler, Nicholas : Empires of the Word (with Loprieno's vocalization) LE .... Late Egyptian LI .... Loprieno, Antonio : Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction ME .... Middle Egyptian MnEng .... Modern English NDNM .... Zaborski (ed.) : New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics OEng .... Old English OS .... Orel, Vladimir E. & Stolbova, Olga V. PAA .... Proto-Afro-Asiatic (1/falling, 2/rising, 3/level are the tones as ........... reconstructed by Ehret) PIE .... Primitive Indo-European STS .... Stuart Tyson Smith Sum. .... Sumerian ts. .... (cuneiform) transcription - above, over (prp) .... Haree, Hari [H-r-y, H-r || Vycichl: "from *_Haryaw_?" || AL ........... *Har, LI 32 (id.?) || same as /top: on top of/?] advice (n) .... zaaH [z-H #1] also (adv) .... garu, garwa, garaaw [g-r(-w) || cf. Arabic -wan: _9afwan_ = dial. ........... _l-9afu_!] among (prp) .... ma'em, maam; mimmi [m-m] answer, reply (n) .... wa'aashub (i/a), wa'uusheb, waashuub-u (or *wishb-Vw) ........... [w-sh-b || Copt. _uooshb, ueshb-, uashb-_ || metathesis of Hebr. #sh-w-b ........... : heshiiv 'he replied'; t6shuuvaa 'a reply' (Belova; DEV 119) || cf. ........... /river/; /wolf/] antelope (n) .... baHak-, baHHaak-u [b-H-k < PAA *bahakw-] Anubis (pr n) .... (y)anuupuu > (y)anpuu [j-n-p-w || w/ STS] arm (n) .... 9a [9 || cf. Akkad. _ahu_ and Sum. _a_-2] arrive (v) .... saapar [s-p-r < PAA *-sap- (Ehret)]; puuH- [p-H || Copt. _pooh_, ........... BCopt. _foh, feh_] arrow (n) .... shasar, shasiir [sh-s-r]; 9aHii' [9-H-3 || Copt. _hi_] ascend, mount up (v) .... 9aar- [9-r < PAA *-9al- (Ehret) || Copt. _ool, ol_, ........... SCopt. _ale_ || any relation to Akkad. _naqaaru_?] assembly, mixture (n) .... zumaa'uu[1]; zamii3-uu[2] [z-m-3-w || [1] cf. /balance/; ........... [2] as in Arab. _khaliiT_, etc. (abstract n with same voc. : /life/)] attack (v) .... paaH- or paHH- [p-H]; Haan- or Hann- [H-n] axe (n) .... manyuuba.t, mannuuba.t, mayy-uuba.t, -aaba.t (vs. minyaba.t, minnaba.t) ........... [m-j-b.t, m-n-j-b.t, m-n-b.t (Takács); ?m-j-n-b (Hieroglyphs.net) || the ........... first varia might indeed be preferable; cp. Arabic instr. name _minqab, ........... -at-_ (Wehr) & Hebr. _miqT€r€t_, _maqs.uu9at-_ ('chisel'), vs. the likes ........... of Hebr. _magzeraa_ 'axe']; (R)aqHuu, (R)iqHuu [3-q-H-w] back (n) .... yaa'e.t, yaa'a.t [j-3.t #1 || STS || cf. /office/; /father/]; saaR-u, ........... saa'-u [s-3 #1 < PAA *sa1r- (Ehret) || SCopt. _soi_ || same as Akkad. ........... _Seeru_?] bad; be bad (adj/v) .... bayu(u)n, ba'u(u)n / baayan, baa'an [b-j-n < PAA *bayan- ........... || SCopt. _boo'n_ 'evil, misfortune' (< *baayVn-) || AL *bAAyin, LI 33, ........... *bA3na.t 'a bad thing', LI 60 || Swa. _baya_; also compare voc. in ........... synonymous Arab. perfect _saa'a_]; (v) Duw(w)-, Dewiww- [D-w #1, vn. ........... D-w.t > *Dawwa.t, *Diwwa.t, *-yy- (*Di'uut, *Daawa.t) || Hebr. #S-w(-:) ........... ('filth', nf _Soo'at-_) would seem to to follow the apparent correlation ........... D <> S (s.), but of interest is also Sem. #d-w-:/h (Hebr. 'one was ........... weak/unclean from menstrual bleeding', Aram. 'it was grief-causing, sad, ........... [Syr.] wretched'); another reminiscent word, Aram. _dayw-aa_ 'demon' is ........... to be dismissed as suspected relative due to its probable PIE origin] ball (n) .... *pe3aaD/pa(a)3d > paaD (paadz) [p-3-D] balance (n) .... (y)awaasuu; (y)uwaasuu [j-w-s-w || cp. Arab. _tawaaz-un_ 'id.'; ........... et al.] basket (n) .... naabu(u).t [n-b.t #2 || v. n-b 'to tie' given in Ehret's paper (In ........... Memoriam W. Vycichl, p. 43)]; dinni(i).t; dinaaya.t [d-n-j/y.t < PAA ........... *din- (OS) || probably related to Sem. _Sinn-_, (Arab.) _Sann-_ ........... (Schneider)] bear children, give birth (v) .... ma(a)s-ii, mås(y)uu (subj. misy-) [m-s-j || ........... nom. verbal marker *-ii < Akkad., Arab., Hausa (see e.g. Kienast, ........... "Sprachwissenschaft" pp. 467, 477); subjunctive voc. /i/: Allen § 19.2] beauty (n) .... nåfr-uu; naafaar-uu [n-f-r-w || SCopt. adj. _nufe_ 'beautiful'; ........... cp. the CGr. theonym _Onnophris_] become; happen (v) .... khaapar (act part fem *_khaapura_) [x-p-r < PAA *-ghaap- ........... 'to rise, arise' (Ehret)] beer (n) .... Hinqa.t, Hunqa.t, Hinaqya.t [H-n-q.t || Copt. _hnke_; cf. /offer/ || ........... #1 would parallel a later-discovered pattern of *_pirye(t)_ > _prre_ by ........... Thacker as well; also note Vycichl's *_mulHa.t_ > _mlhe_ ('saltiness')] beer-pot (n) .... namiisa.t, namussa.t; numaasi.t [*n-m-s.t || < Salonen 1945; cf. ........... /cauldron/] beg (v) .... daabaH [d-b-H] begin, start (v) .... shaaRa9 [sh-3-9 || = Sem. s^-r-9 : Syr. sharrii, Arab. ........... shara9a (Takács)] below, beneath (prp) .... h_ur, h_ir [h_-r < PAA *xoor- 'ground' (Ehret) || SCopt. ........... _ha-_, BCopt. _kha-_ || AL has arrived on *h_ur as well; LI 58] beneficent, efficient; be ~ (adj/v) .... maanikh/maanekh [m-n-x] between (prp) .... imiitew, imaytew [j-m-y-t-w || AL: "from the nisba-adj _j-m_ 'in' ........... || Copt. _et-meet-e/i_ || compare Hebr. _yachdaaw_, esp. in Deut. 25:11] bird (n) .... (3)aapid [3-p-d < PAA *pVd- 'move quickly' (OS) || vocalized 1aa2i3 ........... by Vycichl also || Arab. _aabid, aabida_] black; be black (adj/v) .... kummi/kumam(m) [k-m(-m) < PAA *kum- (OS) || Copt. ........... _kmom, kmam_ be(come) black; _kame, kmme, kam, (F) kem(i)_ black || ........... Aram. _ukkaam-_ 'black'; note Sum. _kum_-2/-4 '(to be) hot' || AL ........... suggests v. *kamAm, LI 88 || also q.v. /Egypt/] blessing (n) .... Hizwa.t, Hizuu.t, Huzuwwa.t, Huzaawa.t [H-z-w.t] blood (n) .... zanaaf-u; zunuuf-u [z-n-f(-w), ME s-n-f < PAA *-zanf- 'to seep out' ........... (Ehret) || Copt. _snof_; Arab. #n-z-f > _nazf_, _naziif_ ........... 'haemorrhage'; Chad. _zaamb-_, Omotic _zumbi, zunPi_ 'blood' || cf. ........... Semitic variation, e.g. vocalizations of Arab. #S-b-9 'finger' (Wehr)] body (n) .... h_uuwa.t > h_uu.t (pro *h_iw.t) [h_(-w).t (cf. h_.t 'belly, womb') || ........... Copt. _hee_ || LI 41] bone (n) .... qåss-, qoos-; qisas [q-s < PAA *k.(w)as- (OS) / *k'os- (Ehret) || ........... Copt. _kas, kees, kiis, ke's, kes_ || Hausa _k'àshii_, pl. ........... _k'asuusuwàa_ 'bone'; Arab. _qassa_ 'it hardened', nf _qaswa_ 'hard ........... state, harshness'] book, writings (n [*pl]) .... shif(VV)d-awwuu, -aawuu [sh-f-d-w || on vocalizing ........... the masc. pl., cf. Hausa plurals _-uwàa_, _-àaCuu_ (Ge'ez _abaw_; Arab. ........... _dhawuu_, pl. of _dhuu_; cf. _-aa'_ in pl. of _ba9iid_), _-àayee_ & see ........... /bone/, /two/] bow (n) .... piiDa.t [p-D.t || Copt. _pite/pide_ || LI 57] box (n) .... guut- (or *gutt-) [g-t < PAA *gut- 'container' (OS)] boy (n) .... yuud-a/u [j-d < PAA *-9uz- 'young' (Ehret)] branch (n) .... ya(a)Ruu'a.t, yuRaa'i.t [j-3-3.t < *yal- 'branch, scepter' (OS) || ........... cf. (a since discovered!) pattern in Arab. ya9buub 'torrent' < #9-b-b]; ........... saabaar-u [s-b-r < PAA *cabar- (OS)] brand (v) .... Rubuwwa, Rubuwaa (Rubw-, Ribw-) [3-b-w #1 || Arab. 1a2aa (< 1-2-w) ........... verbs have the vn _1u2uww_; cf. WSem. #p-t-w yielding _-taa_ as well; ........... Hausa has vn _-uwaa_ (cf. Arab. _1a2wa_, an alt. vn form to _1u2uww_)] bread (n) .... pasinn- [p-s-n || from PAA *sVny- 'seed, corn' (OS) : Cush. *sann-?]; ........... (loaf) tii [t (OS: t-3) < PAA *ti'- (OS) / *iit- (Ehret)] breast (n) .... manaaD-u [m-n-D; ME m-n-d || Copt. _mnot/mnod_, pl. _-i_]; (du, the ........... breasts) bunna.tá', binna.tá' (also < *bVnyat-) [b-n.t-y || compare ........... Arab. _binyat-, bunyat-_ 'build, frame, structure of the body'; /u/, /a/ ........... in Mn related items in Takács 2001; concerning the dual suffix, see ........... /land/] breath (n) .... Tii'uu (or *Ti''uu; *Taw'uu) [T-3-w (OS suggests PAA *kiw/y- based ........... on Chadic) || Copt. _teew_, BCopt. _theew_] breathe (v) .... saasan (or caus. *sassIn / *sussun / *sisin [AL § 4.2]? see /kiss/) ........... [s-s-n]; khaanam [kh-n-m]; khaanap [x-n-p || compare Hebr. #n-p-H (Gen. ........... 2:7), Arab. #n-f-kh] breeze: cool breeze (n) .... qaabuu [q-b-w] brick (n) .... Daabu.t (dz-) [D-b.t || Copt. _toobe_] brother (n) .... saan-u (or *sinnu), pl. sen-awwuu, -aawuu [s-n < PAA *san-/*sin- || ........... SCopt. _son_, al. _san_, pl. _sneeu/sniiu_; note also Arab. _s.inw_ (pl. ........... _-aan_) 'male twin'; Hurrian _shen-, she-en-_; EChad. _sín_ 'brother' || ........... AL *san, LI 46 etc.] build (v) .... qaad- (beta-stem *quud-) [q-d #1 || SCopt. _koot/kood_ || in all ........... curiosity note Hebr. #9-w-d in the sense 'support, prop up' (for more ........... on my theoretical q/9 correlation, see /life/ and /Milky Way/) || AL ........... *quudaw (qd.w) 'it was built', LI 78] bull (n) .... kaaR, kaa' [k-3 #3/#4 || SCopt. _ko_]; ya(a)wii(R), ya(a)wuu(R) [j-w-3 ........... < PAA *lawi'- (OS) / *yaw-, *yawr- (Ehret)] bury (v) .... qaaras [q-r-s] but (p) .... se'uut, suut [s-w.t || < STS || note Hebr. #s-w-t 'to lead astray' and ........... #s'-w-T 'to be led astray' (Ps. 40:5)] by, near, during; to (prp) .... khar [x-r #1 || EotW 114] cake (n) .... fiqiR (or *fiqqaR) [f-q-3 #1 || any connection to Sum. _gar_-3?] calf (n) .... baHiz-, buHayz- [b-H-z, later b-H-s || SCopt. _bahse_ || Arab. ........... _baHzaj_ (1u2ay3- = diminutive pattern in Arabic)] call (v) .... yaaRash, yaa'ash [j-3-sh || abstract nouns *_yaRsh-u_, *_ya'uush_ (cf. ........... Sem. patterns & /bad/; /ruin/)] calm, content; be ~ (adj/v) .... (pp/stat >) Hatpi / (v) Haatep [H-t-p || #_hatpi_ ........... in cuneiform ts., Robinson: The Story of Writing p. 96 || q.v. /please, ........... make content] canal (n) .... muur-a/u, murr-u (> */i/?) [m-r #2 < PAA *-mur- 'to flow' (Ehret) ........... || cf. /wretched/] candle, torch, lamp (n) .... tikuR, tukuR [t-k-3 < PAA *-tikw-/*-tukw- 'to light' ........... (Ehret) || SCopt. _tik_ || note PAA *tuka'- 'burn' (OS)] cat (n) .... muyuu, mu'uu [m-j-w || Copt. _amu, emu_ || similar Sem. alternation: ........... LSArab. _mataa_ > Coll. _imta, emta_; Eastern Aramaic (BA) _måthay, ........... eymåthay_ ~ Syr. _em(m)ath_ ('when?') || from a metathetic variant to ........... the root that gave Akkad. _uumu_? also cp. Arab. _muwaa'_ 'mewing' (vn)] cauldron (n) .... waHuRRa.t [w-H-3.t #2/#1 < *h.ul- (Belova) || Arab. _Hullat-_; cf. ........... /beer-pot/] cave (n) .... magaara.t [m-g-r.t || Arab. _maghaarat-_, Hebr. _m69aarat-_ (Moscati, ........... 1969)] cavern (n) .... qiraari.t, quraari.t [q-r-r.t || = SCopt. _kelool, kulool_? || Arab. ........... waqrat- 'cavity'; Ge9ez waqara 'to excavate, dig'; also cf. Hebr. ........... #q-r-r, pertaining to a cool or cold state] cease; tarry (v) .... (R)uub(-ii/-yuu) [3-b || cf. et q.v. /brand/] chief; overseer (n) .... im(m)iir, am(m)iir [j-m-y-r || cf. /friend/; /guide/; ........... /servant/] child (n) .... kheenuu; khaa'inuu [x-n-w < PAA *-xwayl- (Ehret)]; (male ~; calf) ........... muss-a, miss-a [m-s < PAA *moots- 'baby' (Ehret) || Copt. _mas_, ........... F/ACopt. _mes_ 'young' (n); subsequently discovered is Amharic _mossa_ ........... 'young child' (Takács) || a trad. voc: */mis(yu)/; cf. entry /below/, ........... with Eg. */u/ < PAA */oo/] childhood (n) .... nakhnu.t, nukhuuna.t [n-x-n.t] choose (v) .... saatap [s-t-p || pp. *_satE(e)p_ < cuneif. ts. /sha'-te-ep-/ (LI ........... 29)] circle; cartouche (n) .... shuunuu, shiinuu [sh-n-w] city, town (n) .... naawa(a).t (vs. *nuuwa.t < Akkad.) [n-j-w.t; n-w.t #1 || ........... presuming a connection with Hebr. _naa'aa, naawaa_ (qq. Naayooth, 1 ........... Sam. 19:18?) and/or _nii-n6weh_ 'Nineveh = immense city' || cf. /sky/ ........... (#3); /wave/ (#2)] clay (n) .... sayiin, sa'iin [s-j-n < PAA *-t'ay-/*-t'iy- (Ehret) || cf. Arab. ........... _t.iin_ 'mud, clay' (& Takács: Aram. _s6yaan-_ 'mire')] clever, skilled, excellent; be ~ (adj/v) .... yaqri/yaaqer [j-q-r || cf. Aram. & ........... Hebr. #j-q-r] clothing, clothes (n) .... masiida.t (ii/uu); masudda.t [m-s-d.t]; Habs-iwwaa? ........... -aawuu? (pro *Håbuus-?) [H-b-s-w || voc. of plural: see /book/] cloud (n) .... (y)uguup-; ya'guup-u/i [j-g-p < PAA *-guup'- 'to soak' (Ehret) || ........... SCopt. _cheepe_] colour (n) .... (y)aawiin; yawn, yoon [j-w-n || Sem./Arab. _lawn_ || AL *(y)awin, ........... LI 31, 35] come (v) .... a(a)w-ii, åw(y)uu [j-w-j || Thacker: inf. *_iiwe.t_ > Copt. _eioue_] come! come ye! (v imp irr) .... (m) mu'aa, em(m)u; (f) mu'ii, em(m)i; (mpl.) mu'uu ........... [m(-j) < PAA *may- || Copt. _amu_ (msg.), _amee/amii_ (fsg.); East ........... Cushitic _a-mi, am-u_ 'come!' (sg.)] cool, calm (v) .... qubabb- [q-b-b < PAA *k'a1b- (Ehret) || Copt. _kbo, kvo_, ........... BCopt. _khbob/khvov_ || cf. Hebr. #q-p-: > _qaaphaa_ 'freeze, congeal, ........... stiffen' || AL *qabAb, LI 42 || noun q-b-w = _qaabuu, qibbuu, qubaabuu_ ........... 'cold breeze'] copulate (v) .... (?naa'ak,) naak- (alt. stem *niik-) [n-k || EArab. naak, impf. ........... yiniik (the pejorative verb)] cough (n) .... surree.t, sur(aa)ya.t [s-r-y.t (note: a word with identical radicals ........... means 'fan') || Arab. _su9lat-_ || consonants given by Ehret (In ........... Memoriam W. Vycichl, p. 52)] count, reckon (v) .... Haasab [H-s-b < PAA *-haas- 'voice' (Ehret) || Arab. ........... _Hasab(a)_, etc.] crocodile (n) .... musaaH-u, misaaH-u; mis(a)H-, masiiH [m-s-H (Ehret: m-z-H) < PAA ........... *meHas- (OS) / *-moodz- 'to become wet' (Ehret; he also promotes PAA ........... */oo/ > Eg. */i/) || Copt. _(e)msah_, pl. SCopt. _(ne)mso'h_ (cf. Arab. ........... mataa > emta) || also in Lambdin: *_nim-sha-hu_ (Akkad. ts., pre-1100 ........... BC) < n-3 m-sh-H-(w) -- acc. to Takács, this contains the [broken] pl.; ........... ergo the suggested (highly probable) variants *mis(a)H-, *masiiH] crown (n) .... mu'H-, mi'H- > muHH- [m-3-H || LCopt. _mahnchnut_ 'crown of...' || ........... cf. Sem. word for 'brain']; wiraari.t [w-r-r.t; w-r-r-j.t]; khii9 [x-9] cry out (v) .... saabaH [s-b-H] cut (v) .... sa(a)k-ii, såk(y)uu (= *sVVk-a[a]) [s-k; s-q < PAA *sak.- (OS; note ........... *suk- 'spear' from same source) : for a similar v form see /proclaim/] dance (v) .... khab-ii, khåb(y)uu (subj. khiby-) [x-b-j < PAA *h(.abay-] daughter (n) .... ziiRa.t > sii'et, sitt [z-3.t || q.v. /son/, the id. construction ........... _z.t Hm.t_ (for 'woman', q.v.) & Eg. Arab. _sitt_ 'woman, lady'] dawn (n) .... 9anDuu [9-n-D-w < PAA *-9an- or *-9aan- 'to come into view' (Ehret)] day (n) .... hura(a)'-uu, hira(a)'-uu; haar-uu (or *haraawV) [h-r-w < PAA *hVraw/y- ........... || Copt. _hrew; (e)hou(e)_ || STS: *_haaru_; Vycichl: *_haariwaw_ - ........... possibly same voc. type as /jar (#2)/]; suw-a, suww-a (vs. saaw) [s-w ........... || voc. by STS] death (n) .... muut [m(-w)-t || Akkad. _muutu_] decapitate (v) .... Haasaq [H-s-q || v. root & tl. given by Ehret in the Vycichl ........... memorial volume, 2004 (p. 50)] defecate (v) .... fuugun, fugan(n)- [f-g-n < PAA *-fug- 'to drain out' (Ehret)] desert (n) .... samya.t (*simmee.t? *samuuya.t?) [s-m-y.t]; khuRsu; khuRsa.t (u vs. ........... a!) [*x-3-s(-w); fem. x-3-s.t 'desert hills, a foreign land', given as ........... 'desert' in Allen § 25.4; credibly theorized as being related to Ugar. ........... x-r-sh-n and Aram. _chursh-aa_ (Hebr. _chor€sh_) in Takács, but derived ........... from PAA *-ka19- in Ehret || Class. Arab. had a similar fem. formation, ........... _barSat-_ 'desert' (Steingass 1884)] difficult; be ~ (adj/v) .... qåsni, qaasin / qaasen, qisann- [q-s-n || Hebr. ........... _qaash€€_ (adj), _qaashaa_ (v) 'it was difficult'] dig (v) .... shaaRad, shaa'ad [sh-3-d] dinner (n) .... masuuya.t, musiiwa.t, (?maswi.t,) musii.t, musayya.t [m-s-y.t < OK ........... m-s-w.t < PAA *-mas- 'to become evening' (Ehret) || Takács: "akin to ........... Sem. *mushy- : OAkkad. mushjum 'night' > Akkad. muushu & mushiitu ........... 'Nacht' vs. mashuu 'to spend the night'; Ebl. mushum [*muushum] ~ var. ........... mesu [*miishu(m)]" || not to be confused with the inf. of /bear ........... children, give birth/] divine (adj) .... naaTarii? nuTuurii? (naTrii?) [n-T-r-j || cf. adjective variation ........... in Eg. Arabic!] dominion; scepter (n) .... wa's-, waas- [w-3-s #1] dream (n) .... raswa.t, -i.t, risuu(wa).t ~ rusuwwa.t [r-s-w.t < *rasVw- (OS) || ........... SCopt. _rasu_, ACopt. _resu_, FCopt. _lesvi_, LCopt. _resue_ || Vycichl ........... suggests *_risw-_ : see note on vocalization under /glass/ & compare ........... /joy/] drink (v) .... *sVVwVr- > suur-, w/ poss. beta-stem *saar- [s-w-r || SCopt. _soo_ ........... || cf. Bedja _suura_ 'pool, vat'; Hausa _shaa_ 'to drink']; (sip) ........... naaDab [n-D-b, n-d-b] drown (vi) .... ma(a)H-ii, -(y)uu (subj. miHy-, måhy-) [m-H-j < PAA *-maah.- 'to ........... get wet' (Ehret)] eager; be ~ (adj/v) .... Tånri / Taaner (not *Tinar-r-?) [T-n-r < PAA *-tl'a1l- 'to ........... burn, make hot' (Ehret)] ear (n) .... masDur, (later?) masDer [m-s-D-r || SCopt. _mashdz, maadze, ........... meshte/-de_] east (n) .... *yV3(V)bVt- > yii(')ba.t [j-3-b.t || SCopt. _eiebt_, BCopt. _yebt_ || ........... Vycichl: *ya3iiba.t; cf. p-3 >> LE _pi-_] eat (v) .... waanam (*wannum-?) [w-n-m || Copt. _uoom_ || Vycichl: *_wanm-_; Belova ............ suggests the PAA root *num & connects this with Arab. _niimaa_ ............ 'nourishment' < *niwm-at- (DEV 118) - cf. the characteristic /u/'s in ............ modern Arabic dialects (Egyptian, Iraqi imperfect & imperative)] ebony (n) .... habnee, habnii [h-b-n-y || = Pers. _abnus_; Hebrew has a qametz ........... chatuf (long /aa/ [å] becoming /o/ phonetically) in this word: _hovn€€_ ........... < håb6n€h] efficient, functional; be ~ (adj/v) .... mankhi / maanekh [m-n-x] egg (n) .... sawaaHu.t, -a.t, sa(a)uHa.t, sawiHHa.t [s-w-H.t < PAA *sawVH- || ........... SCopt. _souhe_, BCopt. _soowhi_] Egypt (pr n) .... kuuma.t (pro *kuumu.t) [k-m.t || AL concurs, EotW 127/LI 42 || ........... Copt. _keeme_, FCopt. _keemi_ || as a curiosity, note the "similar" ........... vocalization in Arab. _suudaa'_ || q.v. /black/; /land/] eight (num) .... khamuunu; khamuuna.t [x-m-n-w (m.); x-m-n.t (f.) || Copt. _shmun; ........... shmune_ || *_khamaan-_, *_khamuun-_, NDNM 25] elephant; ivory (n) .... (3)iibuu, i'buu [3-b-w #2 || Copt. _ebu_* 'ivory'] embalm (v) .... sadwIkh [s-d-w-x || with causative _s-_, cf. Aram. Shaphel] enclosure; temple (n) .... Hawt, Hayu.t [H-w.t || var. *Heyt, EotW 124] enemy, adversary (n) .... khiffitee, khifaftee [x-f-t-y || Copt. _shaft(e)_ ........... 'iniquitous, impious']; raqq-uu [r-q-w || Akkad. _raggu_] erect (caus v) .... sa9He9 (vs. *su9Hu9[1]) [s-9-H-9 || [1] voc. < Akkadian] escape, go away (v) .... ra(a)w-ii, -(y)uu (rawa''a?) (subj. rawy-, riwy-) [r-w-j < ........... PAA *-ra1-, *-ra1w- 'to continue, keep on' (Ehret) || Copt. _lo_] eternity (n) .... nuHuuH-, naHiiaH; naHiHH- > naHHiH- [n-H-H || Copt. _eneh_, ........... A/LCopt. _aneehe_ || cf. *_HaH_ 'infinite number' by AL]; Dii'a.t, ........... Daa'u.t [D.t #3, < PAA *-gaad- 'to stay' (Ehret)? || also adv 'forever'; ........... contrast /self/ (#2) || has been compared with Akkad. pl. _Siaatu_ [< ........... *s.i'aat-] 'distant times, the future' (Takács); any relation to Hebr. ........... _9ad_ 'eternity; booty'?] event (n) .... haRbuu > haabuu; he'aab-uu [h-3-b-w || Copt. _hoob/hoov_ || LI 59] every .... Tunnuu, Tinnuu [T-n-w (ME t-n-w) < *klw = Sem. kull- (Takács)]; nemb-u/i ........... [n-b #2 < PAA *reb- (OS) || Copt. _nibe(n)_, SCopt. _nim_ (*bb > *mb > ........... m?), FCopt. _nibi_ || AL *nib, EotW 114; here is applied *e-Nasal-V > ........... i-Nasal (e.g. in Romance) which fits the root by OS] everyone .... bu(u)-nambi (*baaw-? *biw-?) [b-w - n-b || cf. the Lat. spelling ........... _Buubastis_ (a theonym with same #_b-w_?) : for more biconsonantals see ........... /day (#2)/, /island/, /time (#2)/, /water/] evil (n) .... Dawwa.t, Diwwa.t [D-w.t < D-w #1, see /bad, be/] excellent, skilled, clever; be ~ (adj/v) .... yaqri/yaaqer [j-q-r] except (adv) .... wuupuu-Har, wiipuu-Har [w-p-w - H-r || LI 100] eye (n) .... yiiru.t, iiru.t [j-r.t < PAA *9i2l- (Ehret) || SCopt. _ia, ier_, LCopt. ........... _y(e)ire_ || du. *_yeruwáya, -wá'_ (cf. *_ijruwy_, EotW 113) : see ........... /land/ || Hebr. #9-w-r 'to wake up' : _9iwruuth_ 'blindness'; also cf. ........... Hebr. #:-w-r : _oorat-_ 'light', and the concord of Hebr. y- = Arab. w-] face (n) .... Har-a [H-r #2 (ME h-r, > *hår-?) || SCopt. _ho_ || = STS = AL (LI ........... 56)]; khannit, khint-u [x-n-t || Hausa _han-chí_ 'nose' (DEV 145; cf. ........... _kun-chí_ 'cheek')] fall (v) .... kharr- (alt. stem khurr-) [x-r #2 || Arab. kharra (impf. yakhurru)]; ........... huu'-ii, -yuu [h-3-y || Copt. _hee', heeye, hee'i, heei, haie_] family (n) .... (3)aaba.t? (3)aabu.t? [3-b.t] fat (adj) .... khaapin; khappiin, -uun [x-p-n < PAA *-gha1p- (Ehret)] father (n) .... yu't-, yi'uu't- [j-t; j-t-j || Copt. _(e)ioot_ || Herodotus II 172 ........... has "Siouf" < *-yuut-ef; Vycichl considers this a local variant of ........... *yaat- || cf. /back/; /office/] fear (n) .... sanaaD-u, senaaD- (pro *seniDD-?) [s-n-D, ME s-n-d < PAA ........... *-tsul-/*-tsal- 'to disapprove' (Ehret) || Copt. _snat, snad_] feather (n) .... shiwaay, shiwwee [sh-w-y || cf. Hebr. #sh-w-: : trad. voc. _shaaw'_ ........... 'vanity' || voc. model #1 after Iraqi Arabic _qaLaay_ 'tin'] feet (n dl) .... ra'd(u)wáya, -wá' [r-d-w-y || Cerný 1976/2010 promotes an ........... essentially identical conclusion on p. 140 (see also /foot/ below); ........... on vocalizing the dual, see /land/] fertile land (n) .... (3)aaHa.t [3-H.t] festival (n) .... Haab- [H-b; H-3-b < PAA *-Haab- 'to proclaim' (Ehret) || cf. ........... /send/] field (n) .... saakhu.t, saxxu.t [s-x.t #1 < PAA *caq- (OS) || Copt. _sooshe_ ........... 'field, meadow, country'; Akkad. _saxxu_ ('arable field') || AL: ........... *_saakha.t_, LI 53; Vycichl: pl. *_sakhwet_] fighting (vn) .... 9aHaaR-, 9aHaa'- (var. *9aHiiR-?) [< v. 9-H-3] fill (v) .... miH- > mEH- [m-H] find (v) .... gim-ii, -(y)uu (subj. gimy-) [g-m-j < PAA *gim- || BCopt. _dzimi_ || ........... Touareg _egmi_ 'to find'] finger (n) .... Diiba9, Diib9a [D-b-9 < PAA *c.ibV9- || SCopt. _tee'be/tii'be_] fire (n) .... khat, khEt [x.t #2] fish (n) .... rimm-a/u (ixt. *ri'm-, cf. Arab. ra's) [r-m #1 || Copt. _rame, ra'me ........... (*ra:me?), ri_, BCopt. _rami_]; maHee.t, maHii.t; ma-/muHayya.t[1] ........... [m-H-y.t, < PAA *Haw/y-at-? || [1] common Iraqi Arabic pattern, e.g. ........... _(i)bnayya_ 'girl'; also cf. Eg. Arab. adj preference _'uSayyar_ etc.] flee (v) .... waa9ar [w-9-r < PAA *wa'ar-/*wa9ar-]; båh'- [b-h-3 < PAA *-ba1h- ........... (Ehret) || cf. /plough/; /recognize/; /write/] flesh (n) .... (*iywaf- >) iwwaf, iyyaf (or *uu'af : cf. /wine/) [j-w-f, ME j-f || ........... Copt. _af, a'f/aaf, ef_] flood (n) .... bi9aH, ba9aH [b-9-H] flower (n) .... Huraari.t (vs. *Huruuri.t, -u.t) [H-r-r.t || Dem. H-r-r-y; SCopt. ........... _hreere_ || from same root as Hausa _furee_ 'id.'?] fluid, efflux (n) .... raa'iDuu; raaDuu (raadzoo) [r-D-w] fly (n) .... 9iff(iif), 9uff- [9-f-f || SCopt. _af_, ACopt. _ef_ || compare Class. ........... Arab. #:-f-f & /flesh/] fly (v) .... piR(R)-, pi'(')- [p-3 < PAA *-pi1r- (Ehret) || Copt. _peei_; cf. /sky, ........... heaven/]; 9a(a)kh-ii, 9åkh(y)uu (subj. 9akhy-) [9-x-j < PAA *9ah(-] food (n) .... waniimuu, winmuu [w-n-m-w]; winma.t [w-n-m.t || Arab. fi9lat-; ........... credible proof also in Arab. _niimat-_, see /eat/] fool (n) .... wikhuR; wa(a)khiR [w-x-3] foot (n) .... rådd-a, ra'd-, ri'd- [r-d #1 < PAA *rad- (OS) / *ri2iz-, or *-r-d- ........... 'to walk' (Ehret) || SCopt. _rat/rad_ || cf. Som. _raad_ 'footprint' ........... and Hebr. #r-d-d (perf. raadad) 'to flatten, stamp, beat' and #r-d-h ........... (raadaa) 'to rule oppressively; to tread the wine press'] forehead (n) .... tihn-ii, tahn-ii [t-h-n || Copt. _tehne, tehni_] forest (n) .... su9uur-u? su9r-a/u? [s-9-r < PAA *su9Vr- (OS)] forget (v) .... saamakh? (or caus.) sammIkh? simikh? [s-m-x || possibly causative, ........... moreso if #m-x equals synonymous Akkad. _mash-uu_?]; mu(u)h-ii (muhyuu) ........... Haree [m-h-j H-r] form, shape (n) .... yuruu, yir'uu [j-r-w]; h_urbuu [*h_r-b-w || put forth by ........... Vycichl (an alternative to *_khupruu_) as the ancestor of Copt. _hrv_, ........... for which Cerný suggests the root etymology #h_-r-b ('change into st')] four (num) .... yifdaaw(u), ifdaaw(u) [j-f-d-w < PAA *fa1zw-/*ifz- (Ehret) || Copt. ........... _fdow_; Akkad. _ipTau_; Hausa _fud'u, hud'u_ || *_yifdaw_, LI 71 & ........... Austin 2008] fraternize (dur v) .... sansun, sansin [s-n-s-n] friend (n) .... khunmuus, khanammuus, khanammas [x-n-m-s || voc. < poet. Arabic & ........... Hebrew]; simmiir; summar; samr-u [s-m-r || old Sem. vocalizations (< ........... poetic Arabic, Akkadian) : 1u22a3 = 1a2ii3! (Steingass 1884 pp. 320-1, ........... cf. also /servant/)] front: in front of (prp) .... khun(u)t [x-n-t < PAA *ghunt- (Ehret) || Copt. ........... _shant_]; em-baRH, em-baaH (+ pn suff) [m - b-3-H || lit. 'in the ........... presence (of)'] fruit (n) .... diqr- (var. of *diqqir-?) > Late diigee' [d-q-r(-w) || Dem. t-g-y ........... 'fruit'; SCopt. _tiche_, BCopt. _jiji_ 'root crop' || compare /plan/] functional, efficient; be ~ (adj/v) .... maanikh/maanekh [m-n-x] gate (n) .... ruut, root; var. raawa.t [r-w.t < PAA *-ra1-, *-ra1w- 'to continue, ........... keep on' (Ehret) || Copt. _ro_; cf. /mouth/]; sabaR [s-b-3 #2 < PAA ........... *cab-/*cib- (OS) || contrast /star/]; (qq. 'barrier') sibkha.t (pro ........... *såb(aa)khu.t) [s-b-x.t || cf. the synonym s-b-3 #2, vocalized *_siib-_ ........... by STS] gather (v) .... Duuru9? intr. Dura9-? [D-r-9 < PAA *gwar- or *gu/ar- 'harvest' (OS)] gazelle (n) .... gaHHaas-, gaHuus- (never *gaHas-?) [g-H-s || cf. Copt. _ch'hos_] girl (n) .... yudii.t, yudayya.t [j-d-y.t, j-d.t < PAA *-9uz- 'young' (Ehret) || ........... see /fish/, #2; /lady/] give (v) .... riD(D)-, stem #2 raD(D)- [r-D-j, r-d(-j), d-j || Copt. ti, di = Eg. ........... Coll. Arab. _idda (impf. yiddi)_]; (put, cause) yim-ii, yum-, im'- ........... [j-m-j < PAA *-9iim- (Ehret) || Copt. _ma_, impt. _meei, moi_] glass (n) .... TaHnu.t (tshaHnut)? TiHna.t? (note that at least in Semitic, several ........... voc. variations of supposed structure may actually coexist) [T-H-n.t] go, fare (v) ... saa'-ii, så'(y)uu (*suu'-?) [s-j-j (Thacker: s-j-y) || syn. stem ........... sh-m(-j) > subj. 1pl sh-m.n = *_shimy.án(u)_ 'let's go!' (Allen § 19.5)] go away, depart (v) .... ra(a)w-ii, råw(y)uu (= *rVwaayuu; subj. rawy-, riwy-) ........... [r-w-j < PAA *-ra1-, *-ra1w- 'to continue, keep on' (Ehret) || Copt. ........... _lo_] go out, leave (v) .... pa(a)r-ii, pår(y)uu (= *pVVr-a[a]) [p-r < PAA *par-/*pir- ........... (OS) / *-pi(i)l- 'to drive, chase' (Ehret) || SCopt. _p(e)ire_ (inf. ........... also _prre_ [< *pirya.t, *purya.t : /take/!]); cf. /house/, /cut/, ........... /proclaim/ (of similar verb class)] god (n) .... nuTTar[1] (AL: naaTar) [n-T-r || EotW 114, 132 || Copt. _nute_; usually ........... considered related to Sem. #n-k-r 'to be unknown, disguised' (instead ........... of #n-T-r 'to keep an eye on', Aram. naaToor- 'guardian'...); Lipinski ........... also points out Agaw _nk@ra_ 'soul, spirit' || [1] vocalization attested ........... in Semitic (Arabic, Steingass 1884); of interest is also Lith. _nutárti_ ........... 'to enact, decree, decide, resolve'] gold (n) .... nu'ub-; nu'aib-uu (Vyc./AL: naabaw) [n-b-w || EotW 127 || Copt. ........... _nub/nuv_ ("noub") || Hebr. #n-w-b : _yaanuuv_ 'to flourish', vs. note ........... by Vycichl: "Ethiopian n-h-b could correspond well to n-w-b and this ........... root can be represented by n-b-y in Egyptian." || with voc. #2 cp. ........... LSArab. _lujain_ 'silver'; alt-ly, bear in mind the development of MnEng ........... clove 'nail of garlic' < OEng clufu /'kluvu/] good; beautiful; be ~ (adj/v) .... naaf-ir, -ur, nafri / naafer [n-f-r < PAA *fir- ........... 'be good' (cf. Aram. _shappiir_ of id. meaning) || Bedja _nefir_ 'good'] goose (n) .... samuun-i, sumuun-i, samunn-u [s-m-n || Copt. _smune_ 'Nile goose'] granite (n) .... mi3T-, miiT-a/u [m-3-T < PAA *mik- 'stone'] great (adj) .... waar (v. *_waarar_ or *_warr-u_ 'to be great') [w-r || EotW 113]; ........... (+ 'of length') (R)iw? (R)aaw? [3-w (= 9-3?) || Copt. _aw, oo_] grow, flourish (v) .... ruud- w/ stem raad- [r-d #3 || Copt. _root/rood_; cf. ........... /drink/; q.v. /plant/] grow weary, tire (v) .... wuuruD [w-r-D || v. root & tl. by Ehret (In Memoriam W. ........... Vycichl, p. 43)] guide (n) .... sishsh-iim, -uum; sashi(i)m-u; saysham; sashm-u ~ sushm-i [s-sh-m || ........... voc. = old/rare Sem. patterns for nomen agentis (< poetic Arabic, ........... Akkadian); cf. /chief/, /servant/ with attested Arabic cognates] hand (n) .... Daaru.t [D-r.t || S/ACopt. _toore_, BCopt. _toori_ || cf. Aram. ........... _d6raa9-_ (f), Arab. _dhiraa9_ (m/f) 'arm' || AL *_Daara.t_, LI 42] happen; become (v) .... khaapar (act part fem. *_khaapura_) [x-p-r < PAA *-gha1p- ........... 'to rise, arise' (Ehret)] harp (n) .... baayina.t (pro *buuyanu.t) [b-j-n.t || SCopt. _boine, (!)bine_, BCopt. ........... _uooini_ || Vycichl: *_bayna.t_] he, it (ind pn) .... nita(a)f- > (e)ntAf [n-t-f || AL *(ja)ntaf, LI 65] head (n) .... tap(p)- (pro reg. *tip(p)-) [t-p || cf. SCopt. _ape_ || AL *tap, LI ........... 72, 100] hear (v) .... saaDam (saadzam) [s-D-m; _saaDam en-_ 'obey' || AL & Otler agree, ........... EotW 114 || Copt. _sootm_] heart (n) .... yibb-u/a, yib [j-b < PAA *libb-, *lubb- (OS) / *li3b- (Ehret) || cf. ........... SCopt. _bai, be_ || in EotW on p. 114]; Haa'ti (pro *Huu3tj-?) [H-3-t-j] heaven, sky (n) .... pi('i).t, piiya.t [p.t || Copt. _pe, phe_ || AL *pi.t, LI 57] henna (n) .... taftaaf, tiftaaf [t-f-t-f < PAA *taf-taf-] herd (n) .... yå'daar > yaadaar; ya'duur [j-d-r; j-3-d-r || cf. pattern displayed in ........... Arab. ya9buub 'torrent' < 9-b-b] here (adv) .... 9ayya (< *9a33a or /y/ unmarked) [9-3 || STS] hide (v) .... du(u)g-ii, dugiy-, dug-(y)uu [d-g-j || */u/ by OS] high: on high (adv/prp) .... tiip- (vs. *ta'p-) [t-p || cf. /head/] hill (n) .... qu''uR (pro *quu'uR?) [q-3-3 < PAA *-k'u'- (k'+u+glottal) 'to rise' ........... (Ehret) || Copt. _koye_]; khaa9 [x-9 < PAA *-ghaa9- (Ehret)] horizon (n) .... (R)aakha.t? (R)aakhu.t? [3-x.t || cf. /sunlight/] horn (n) .... dibb-u/a, dib [d-b || Copt. _tap_] Horus (pr n) .... Hu(u)ru [H-r-w; H-r #1 || Akkad. ts. /-h.uru/; q.v. /day/] hour (n) .... (*wånaww-? >) wanwa.t, wanuu.t [w-n-w.t || Copt. _(u)nu, naw, no_] house (n) .... par-a/i [p-r < PAA *par- 'house, enclosure' (OS) || SCopt. _per-_ || ........... Hebr. _par9oo_ "Pharaoh, the Great House" (cf. Hebr. _par_ 'bull') || ........... see DEV 19 for homographic terminology in other Near Eastern languages] how? (int) .... mi(ye) ma [m-j m] human (n) .... raamiT (-tsh) [r-m-T, r-m #2 || Copt. _roome_ || Vycichl: ........... *_raamiT_] hunger (n) .... Hiqur-u, Huqur-u [H-q-r(-w) || Copt. _heeke, heeki_ 'poor'] I (ind pn) .... a(a)naaku > ånaak [j-n-k || Copt. _anok_ || Akkad. _anaaku_; Hebr. ........... _aanokhii_] ibis (n) .... hab(b)aay, hubbu'y-u [h-b-y || Copt. _hibooi, hifui, hbui, hip_] image (of a god) (n) ... shazp-u; shazp-i [sh-z-p || CGr. Sphingx < Eg. sh-z-p ........... 9-n-x?] impressiveness (n) .... baaRuu, baa'uu [b-3-w] incarnation (n) .... Hiim- (pro *Haam-?) [H-m] injustice, wrong (n) .... yazfa.t (< *yaazifa.t?) (pro *yaziifa.t) [j-z-f.t < PAA ........... *-9adz- (Ehret)] instead of .... (e)r-DebuuR [r - D-b-3 (Middle Kingdom) || = Hebr. #9-b[-w]-r ........... (Rössler); alternatively related to Arab. _jabara_ 'he restored'] is not, will not .... nuun [n-n #2 || STS; cf. also LI 127 (where < *nj+n)] island (n) .... (y)aaw-; (y)uuw-a [j-w #2 || var. #1 assuming an old connection ........... with Hebr. _yaawaan_ 'Greece'; also compare Hebr. _ii_ ('ij) 'island', ........... _iyyoon_ ('ij.won) 'islet' with the morphological twins _uuvaal_ / ........... _yaavaal_ (ixt. /day [#2]/, q.v.!) || same noun type as Hebr. _qaaw, ........... qaaw€€_ ('measuring line'), with /water/?] ivory (n) .... kimaaree (> *kimree) [k-m-r-y < PAA *kilam- (apparent metathesis)] jar (n) .... khabaabi.t, khabeebi.t [x-b-b.t < PAA *ghwi1b- / *ghwa1b- (Ehret) || ........... Copt. keebi; BCopt. ka(a)bi (Crum 99) || probable variation /i/ ~ /a/ ........... due to the guttural]; Hin'-uu, Hiny-uu; Hina''-uu, Hunaa'-uu [H-n-w || ........... Copt. hnaw, hnou; cuneiform ts. /khi-na/ || same voc. type as /day/?] joy (n) .... rishwa.t, rishya.t [r-sh-w.t || Copt. _rashe_, BCopt. rashi_ || ........... Vycichl; cf. /dream/] king (n) .... nisuu(t) (poss. var. *nisaawi(t) - see /pelican/) [n-s-w(-t)] kingship (n) .... nisuuya.t, nisaawiyya.t, niswiyya.t [n-s-y.t; n-s-w-y.t] kiss; smell (air) (v) .... sinn-, sunn- [s-n < PAA *-tsoon- or *-coon- (Ehret) || ........... common Cush. _sunk'-_; related may be also Amh. _samä_ 'a kiss'] knee (n) .... *pi'(V)d- > puud-, piid- [p-3-d; p-d < PAA *pV'ud- (OS) / *piiz-, ........... Berb. *puuz- (Ehret) || SCopt. _pat/pad_, #_fud-_ abounding in Berber ........... cognates; Akkad. _puudu_ 'shoulder' || per interest compare PIE ........... *ped-/*pood-/*pod-, CGr. _pous, podos_ 'foot'] knife (n) .... shu(u)9a.t, sho(o)9a.t [sh-9.t < PAA *c^u9- (OS) / *-£e19- 'to cut ........... off' (Ehret) || the fem. suffix of instruments might also be *-i(i).t ........... < *-iya.t] know .... see /learn/ lady (n) .... niiba.t, -ii.t, nibayya.t [n-b.t #1 || q.v. /lord, owner/; /girl/] lake (n) .... shaa'-a, shaay-a [sh-j; sh || AA languages in Tanzania have ........... _c^aw-_, and Cushitic Dahalo has _c^áá'a_ 'id.' (DEV 70)] land (n) .... taa(R) [t-3 #2 < PAA *te2r-/*to2r- 'earth' (Ehret); du. t-3-w-y > ........... *_ta(R)awáya, -wá'_ 'The Two Lands, Egypt' (cuneif. ts. ta-a-w-a : ........... http://www.jstor.org/pss/544408 ) - compare Swa. _wa-_ (animate pl); ........... Arab. _aba-wayn_, cstr. _-waa_ 'the parents' and the developments ........... _yansaa_ < *yansayu (Abu-Chacra), _mataa_ < *mataya (e.g. Blau) || ........... Copt. _to_ 'land'] lap (n) .... miRsu.t, miisu.t; ma3(aa)se.t, -a.t [m-3-s.t || related to Akkad. ........... _meshreetu_ (metathesis)? || cf. another anat. feminine, /back/] laugh (v) .... saabaT [s-b-T (Ehret: z-b-T) < PAA *-zab- 'to call' (Ehret) || ME ........... s-b-t] law (n) .... happ-u/a, hipp-u/a [h-p || note Hebr. #H-p-p 'to cover, protect' : ........... _chippuui_ 'giving of cover', _chappuuth_ 'innocence' (jur.)] laze around; hesitate (v) .... wuuzuf (*wazuf-u?) [w-z-f || D'jakonov suggests PAA ........... root *3uf- (DEV 35)] lead (v) .... khaarap [x-r-p || Copt. _shorp_ 'first' (LI 72)] leaf (n) .... giibuu, guubuu [g-b-3 < PAA *-guH-/*-giH- (Ehret)] learn; know (v) .... rakh- (never *rukh--?) [r-x < PAA *rah(-/*'arH- || cf. Arab. ........... #H-r-y (metathesis?) > _itHarra_ 'he investigated, inquired'] leather (n) ... duHuur, edHuur (vs. diHr-u; daaHiir-u) [d-H-r || cf. Hebr. _9oor_] leave, go out (v) .... pa(a)r-ii, pår(y)uu (= *pVVr-a[a]) [p-r < PAA *par-/*pir- ........... (OS) / *-pi(i)l- 'to drive, chase' (Ehret) || SCopt. _p(e)ire_ (inf. ........... also _prre_ [< *pirya.t, *purya.t : /take/!]); cf. /house/, /cut/, ........... /proclaim/ (of similar verb class)] leg, bird-leg (n) .... sima9, sim9a [s-m-9 < PAA *cim9-] leopard (n) .... (3)aabii (var. *3abaay?) [3-b-y || cf. Hebr. _laavii_ 'lion'] lick, lap up (v) .... naasab [n-s-b || Class. Arab. _lasaba_ 'he licked; he bit']; ........... saanak [s-n-k || rarer] lie, deceive (v) .... giirig [g-r-g || Class. Arab. #q-r-q (not in Wehr; also note ........... #gh-r-r of identical meaning); SCush. _gil-_ 'deceive'] life (n) .... 9aanuukh, 9aaniikh, -u [9-n-x(-w) < PAA *-9anghw- 'to rise, grow' ........... (Ehret) || Copt. _onee/onii_ 'live; life' || based on the comparison ........... of Eg. _9_ to Sem. _q_ (q.v. /Milky Way/), an argument can be formed ........... of possible relation to Hebr. #q-l-H 'sprout', or perhaps rather ........... #q-n-h (II) 'create, cause to be'] light (n) .... wi'n-, wa'n-; wayn-i/ee (dial. *wany-i/u?) [w-n < PAA *wan- (OS) || ........... Copt. _uo(e)in_, BCopt. _uooini_ || voc. analogously with #j-p(-y).t (= ........... Hebr. :eefaa), whence Copt. oeipe, ooipi (see Cerný 121, Vycichl 155); ........... this even fits the root theory of OS || note vowel offglide development ........... similar to Faroese and English; compare /physician/] lion (n) .... måR(u)y-V > moo'ee, -'ii [m-3-j < PAA *mary- (OS) || Copt. _mui_ || ........... Thacker: *_ma(a)3uya_ > *_ma(a)3ey_] lip (n) .... sepaat- [s-p.t < PAA *s´apat- or *c^a(n)f- || Copt. _spotw_ 'lips'; ........... Aram. _siphthaa_, Akkad. _shaptu_ 'lip'] little, some, a bit (adv) .... nåkiit; nikkat, -ut; nukayyit [n-k-t || cp. Arabic ........... _ka9t_ 'short, small'] live (v) .... 9aanakh [9-n-x || Copt. _onee/onii_ 'live; life' || see /life/] loathe (v) .... buut-; alt. stem bawat- > baat- (w/ n. b-w-t > _bawt(-u), buutee, ........... biwta.t_ 'disgust') [b-w-t] locust (n) .... si(i)D-a/u [s-D || Copt. _shje_]; zinHaamu, zunHaamu [z-n-H-m(-w) || ........... Copt. sanneh (Vycichl); Hebr. _sål9aam_ || LI 34: "[common] Afroas. ........... *sulxam"] lord, owner (n) .... niib-u/a [n-b #1 || /i/ recorded in Akkad. ts. || Copt. ........... _neeb/niib_; in CGr. _-neefis_, LI 55; cf. also Arab. _naab_ 'tribal ........... chief'] love (n) .... muruuwa.t, mirya.t (LE *mirre, *miir) (STS: marwa.t) [m-r-w.t || also ........... cf. Iraqi Arabic _mruwwa(t-)_ 'kindness, fine quality' & see below] love (v) .... mu(u)r-ii, muriy-, mur-(y)uu (subj. miry-) [m-r-j, m-r || Copt. _me, ........... mei, m(e)ie, maie, meei, mere, mrre-_ || Vycichl: vn. *_mirya.t_ || note ........... Akkad. _raamu_ and Arab. _raam_ (impf. _yaruum_) 'wish for, aspire'; an ........... ultimate origin from #m-r-r 'be bitter, sad' has also been suggested by ........... some scholars] marsh (n) .... *khu3r(V)t- > khuu.t [x-3.t < PAA *-gu9- 'to become wet' (Ehret)]; ........... shuuR [sh-3] mat, reed-mat (n) .... tumuuRi.t; tåmiiRi(.t); temRuuya.t [t-m-3(-y.t), t-m-j.t || ........... SCopt. _tmee, tom_ || cf. Sum. _muru_ 'reed mat' = Akkad. _buruu_ || cp. ........... with /spear/ (above vocalization #2!)] mighty; be ~ (adj/v) .... sakhmi/saakhem [s-x-m || compare Sum. _shumah_ 'mighty'; ........... Hebr. _shacham_ 'granite' (for curiosity qq. _9aaSam_ 'he was mighty', ........... LSArab. _9aZuma_); LSArab. _shaHuma_ 'he was/has become fat'] Milky Way (pr n) .... misqa.t suqqud-/siqqood-/saqqad-iwwaa (vs. *-aawuu) (for the ........... voc. of II, see /voyager/ [& LI 89]) [m-s-q.t s-q-d-w 'path of errant ........... ones' || #q-d #2 (caus. #s-q-d) appears in SCopt. _sarakoote_ ........... 'wanderer' || concerning the voc. for I, consider Hebr. _miS9aad_ ........... 'pacing, tread', et al. (Arab. pattern fi9lat- : Thackston 2004 § 85)] monkey (n) .... kaay-u/-ee [k-y || cf. Hebr. _qaaw_ 'loud-talking; boom-voice'; ........... also note Hausa _kâi_ 'top']; (baboon) buunuu; buuniwi [b-n-w < PAA ........... *bun- || Chadic *buni-] month (n) .... (3)iibaad-u [3-b-d < PAA *-'aab-/*-iib- (Ehret); but note also *'i- ........... 'time period', *bad- 'separate', and *ibad- 'lose, be lost' (OS) || ........... Copt. _evate/-de, evot/evod_ || AL *_3abAd_, Kienast *_3abAt_ (Eg. d ........... as a form of /t/ : Allen § 2.4)] moon (n) .... yuu9aH, yu9H-, yu9uuH- [j-9-H < PAA *-li9- 'to shine' (Ehret) || ........... Copt. _oh, o'(o)h, (y)ooh, yoh, ah, a'h/aah_ || Hebr. _y€rach_ ........... 'month', _yaareach_ 'moon'; Akkad. _(w)arkhu_ 'month'] morning (n) .... bakaR, bukuuR [b-k-3 < PAA *-ba1k- (Ehret) || Arab. #b-k-r (id. ........... vocalizations for this and #sh-r-q 'sunrise'); Hebr. _boq€r_ (also cf. ........... #b-k-r)]; daw'uu; f. daw(i)'a.t [d-w-3-w, f. d-w-3.t < PAA *daw- || = ........... Copt. _(h)towe, (h)tawe_? (& Arab. _Daw'_ 'light'?) || adj. d-w-3-j = ........... *_daw'ii, duwuuRii_] mother (n) .... mii3wa.t, ma'iwa.t[1] [m(-j)-w.t, m-3-w.t || Copt. _ma(a)w, moo, ........... meew_ || AL suggests *me3wa.t, LI 245; a close curiosity is obviously ........... also CGr. _maia_ 'good mother, foster mother' || [1] as discovered ........... after this theorem, Semitic actually has attested variation like ........... _zaibaq, zi'baq_ (Arab., 'mercury')] mountain (n) .... Daaw- [D-w #2 < PAA *-dla1- 'to grow, swell' (Ehret) || Copt. ........... _tow_ || some connect this with Hebr. _Suur_ (1 Chron. 11:15) : ........... www.oldtestamentstudies.net/languages ; however cp. /island/, /water/] mouth; speech, spell (n) .... ruu(w-a); raaw [r #2 (OS: r-3) || Copt. _ro; roo; ........... tapro_; cf. /gate/ || AL *ra3, LI 58] myrrh, incense (n) .... 9anatyuu? 9antaayuu? (not *9i-?) [9-n-t-j-w || probably ........... not connected with Sum. _nade_-3, _nadeg_ 'incense'] naked (adj) .... Haa'ii? Hi''ay? [H-3-y || cf. Aram. -aay vs. (more original ........... Afroasiatic?) Arab. -ii] name, identity (n) .... rinn-, runn- [r-n || AL *rin, LI 46/EotW 125 || Copt. ........... _ran_, FCopt. _len_ || voc. given in cuneiform ts.; commonly associated ........... with Class. Arab. #r-n-n: ranna, raniin, ranam; see /servant/] neck (n) .... wis(s)aara.t [w-s-r.t < PAA *sar- (OS) / *-wic'- 'to swallow' (Ehret) ........... || cf. Hebr. _Sawwaa'r(-)_ & Aram. _Sawraa_ < #S-w-r (though Takács ........... argues that Sem. /S/ should = Eg. /D/, DEV 110)]; (throat) khukhkh-a ........... [x-x < PAA *ghoogh- (Ehret) || Copt. _khakh_ || cf. /child/ (#2)] necklace (n) .... munayya.t, munuuya.t, munya.t [m-n-j.t || Yaaku (Cush.) _múnyúr_ ........... 'chains'; cf. Arab. _munyat-_ 'object of desire' & Skr. mányaa 'neck']; ........... shab(b)-ee.t, -ii.t; shabayya.t, shabaayi.t [sh-b-y.t || stem vowel *a ........... in Central Chadic & East Cushitic (OS)] need (n) .... *DaRr- > Daaruu, Darruu (*Daa'uuruu?) [D-3-r-w]; naahuu (*niihuu?) ........... [n-h-w] night (n) .... ga(a)raaH-u (vs. giraH-, guraaH-) [g-r-H #1 || cf. /wing/] nine (num) .... pisiiD(u), pisD(i?)u [p-s-D; p-s-D-w || Copt. _phis_ || *_pisiiD-_, ........... NDNM 29; *_pisiijaw_, Austin 2008] no, not (adv/intj) ... na'i, nai [n-j || STS] nod (v) .... haanan [h-n-n] nose (n) .... funD-, funaaD- [f-n-D < PAA *fung- (OS) / *fi2l- (Ehret) || Oromo ........... _fun(n)án-_; Amh. _af6nch.a_] oar (n) .... Haamuu (*Hamw-?) [H-m-w #1]; wåsuru, wåsiri, wisar [w-s-r || SCopt. ........... _uosr_, BCopt. _uoser_ || no connection with Sum. _ngisal_, Akkad. ........... _gishallu_?]; Haapi.t, Haapiye.t [H-p.t || Sudanic *kepi, Proto-Bantu ........... *-gapi 'paddle'] oasis (n) .... wiH'a.t [w-H-3.t || SCopt. _uahe_, BCopt. _vah_, FCopt. _uehi_ || ........... Arab. _waaHat-_ 'id.' || accidental similarity in Hebr. _yichur_ ........... 'young shoot'?] obelisk (n) .... takhuun-u, tukh(i)n-u [t-x-n] observe (v) .... paatar [p-t-r || SCopt. _poo'(oo)re, po'(o)r_, BCopt. _foor, ........... fer-_ || Vycichl: *_patr-uu_ 'les voir'] of (conj) .... ni > en [n #2, n-j < PAA *ni (Ehret) || cf. Tigre _naay-_, Hausa ........... _na-_ (Lipinski § 36.31) || Copt. _n-_] offer (v) .... Haanak [H-n-k || Hebrew #H-n-k, whence _Chanookh_ 'Enoch, the ........... (one who was) dedicated']; Daarap [D-r-p < PAA *-da1r- (Ehret)] office (n) .... (ya')uu.t [j-3.t #2 || cf. /back/; /father/] official (n) .... sVr(e)yV > saar-i [s-r-j; s-r < PAA *car- 'elder, chief' (OS) || ........... Hebr. _s'ar/s'aar-_, Akkad. _sharru_; any relation to Hebr. _saariis_ ........... < #s-r-j-s? (Gen. 37:36, 2 Kings 20:18)] oh! (interj) .... ye! ya! [j]; haa! (hii?) [h-3] oil (n) .... Hiknuu, Heknoo [H-k-n-w]; (+ 'ointment') mirHa.t, miraaHa.t [m-r-H.t ........... || probably related to Hebr. #m-r-H (whence _maarach_ 'he besmeared' & ........... _mirchat-_ 'ointment')] oil tree (n) .... baq [*b-q || < Salonen 1945] one (num) .... wi99u (or *wa(a)9u) [w-9(-w) || Copt. _ua_ || Proto-Khoisan *ui ........... 'one/alone' (Takács) may be related; AL gives *_wu99uw_] open (v) .... waan- (alt. stem *wiin-?) [w-n < PAA *wan- (OS/Ehret) || Copt. ........... _uoon_]; wu(u)p-ii, -(y)uu (subj. wipy-) [w-p-j w/ n. *wap- [= Akkad.] ........... < PAA *wup- || Copt. _uoop_, archaic form _ueep_ (Crum 482)] order (n) .... wiiD? waD? [w-D] ornament, decoration (n) .... h_akaar? h_uku(u)r? [h_-k-r] orphan (n) .... nimiH ("def."/elab. namHuu)? namuuH-u? [n-m-H; n-m-H-w] Osiris (pr n) .... wasiir, wissiir [w-s-j-r; product of #w-s-r '(be) strong, ........... powerful' [reg. *waas-ir, -ur] from PAA *-we2c- 'to be hard, solid'?] ostrich (n) .... nuu'uu, nii(y)uu (or -aau) [n-j-w] over, upon (prp) .... Hari [H-r-y, H-r || Vycichl: "from *_Haryaw_?" || AL *Har, ........... LI 32 (id.?)] overthrow (v, caus?) .... saakhar (saxxIr, suxxur, sikhir?) [s-x-r] palace (n) .... 9iiH [9-H || *ii also in nouns like _rii(a)9_ 'sun'] palette (for writing) (n) .... gesta(a)', gista(a)' [g-s-t-j || Hebr. _q€s€th_ ........... 'writing kit', Ez. 9; note Sum. _ngesh_ (determinative) + _da_ 'plank' ........... || AL promotes an equation with Hebr. _q€sh€th_ 'bow' < earlier *qasht ........... (LI 245)] papyrus (n: plant) .... Tuufee [T-w-f-y || = Hebr. _suuph_ (coll.) 'reeds' ........... (Lipinski § 2.5)] pass time (v) .... saak-ii, såk(y)uu [s-k-j < PAA *-ca1ak- 'to stay still, in ........... place' (Ehret) || a verb with id. radicals means 'to sink, go down'] path, road (n) .... khaa(R) [x-3 < PAA *ghwaax- (Ehret) || Copt. _xo_] pelican (n) .... Hinaawi.t, Hunaawi.t [H-n-w.t || BCopt. _hmee/hmii_ (*-nVw- > ........... -m-?) || fem. of AA agental suffix *-aawii (Ge9ez -aawi, Hausa -àyii)? ........... : see Lipinski § 29.44] penis (n) .... *bu3(V)H- > buuH [b-3-H < PAA *bu'uh- (OS)] pharaoh (n) .... par9oo' [p-r-9-3 || q.v. /great/] physician (n) .... za'inuu, zi'(')inuu > ziyyun (or *za'n[y]uu, *zi'nuu) [z-j-n-w, ........... z-w-n-w || SCopt. _sa(e)in_, ACopt. _se(')ine_, B/FCopt. _seeini_ || ........... AL *ziinuu, Vycichl *zinyaw; compare with old Semitic patterns, Class. ........... Arab. 1i22ii3, BHebr. 1aa2ii3 (var. 1e2ii3); also the history of Engl. ........... diphthongs || cf. /flesh/ & see /light/ with similar vowel offglide ........... development] pier, dock (n) .... maDDaH-u, muDaH(H)-u, maDaH- [m-D-H || Hebr. _mezach: ........... m6zaach-_ and _maachooz: m6chooz-_] pillar, column (n) .... 9ii(R) [9-3 < PAA *-9ir- (Ehret)]; wuhhuR, wihaaR [w-h-3] place, put (v) .... waaRaH, waa'aH [w-3-H || Copt. _uooh_]; waad-ii, wåd(y)uu (= ........... *wVda[a]yu) [w-d-j || Ge9ez _wadaya_; also note Arab. #w-D-9; #w-d-9 : ........... for other genetically traced simulacra of 'tertiae infirmae', see ........... /sail (#2)/, /strike (#2)/] plan (n) .... si(i)khir? sakhiir-u? [s-x-r || BCopt. _shishi_, n. < _ershishi_ 'to ........... hold power' || compare /fruit/] plant (n) .... siim (not *summ-a/u?) [s-m]; raaduu [r-d-w || Copt. _root/rood_ || ........... AL *raaduw, LI 58] please, make content (v) .... Haatap [H-t-p || AL *Haatip (ap) 'pleasing', LI 36] pleasure (n) .... si(i)'maa' [s-j-m-3 || SCopt. _sime_; also v. _sei_ 'be filled, ........... satisfied, enjoy' || reconstructed with pattern 1i23aa4 (Arabic)] plough (n) .... hib(b)i [h-b || SCopt. _hbbe_, BCopt. _hebi/-vi_ || = Sum. _apin_, ........... Akkad. _epinnu_; based solely on SCopt., Thacker's model would yield ........... *_hibya_ (which would have to be a vernacular survivor as well)] plough (v) .... sik'- [s-k-3 || Copt. _ske_ ("skai", vi.), _sek-_ (Crum 328) || cf. ........... /flee/; /recognize/; /write/; & next] pluck, tug; fall out (v) .... fåq'- [f-q-3 #2 < PAA *-faak'- 'to break off' (Ehret) ........... || SCopt. _fooche_, BCopt. _fooji_]; fa(a)d-ii? fu(u)d-? (subj. fidy-) ........... [f-d-j || WChad. _fita-_] poison (n) .... mitwa.t [m-t-w.t || SCopt. _matu_, BCopt. _mathui_, FCopt. ........... _metvi/-bi_] portal (n) .... 9aaru.t [9-r.t (OS: 9-r-w.t) || resembles Berber *_Hur-_ 'door'; AL ........... connects the Eg. word with PSem. *dalt (LI 31); yet compare also Hebr. ........... #q-r-: (#2) 'come to meet' : _q6ra'th_ 'vis-à-vis', & #q-l-T 'close' || ........... if same as 9-r-r-y.t in Allen p. 456, read *_9irru.t_, var. *_9irree.t_] pot, cauldron (n) .... duuda.t, dudda.t [d-d.t < PAA *dud-] powerful; be ~ (adj/v) .... sakhmi/saakhem [s-x-m || see /mighty/ for cross-language ........... comparison] prayer (n) .... niiH-u [n-H || cf. /eternity/ & Hebr. _naa'_ 'he pleased/prayed'] previously, before (adv) .... khånaateu (or from stative *khanteu?) [x-n-t-w || as ........... prep 'before': q.v. /front/] priest, laypriest (n) .... wi9(9)ab; wu9b-i [w-9-b || Copt. _uee'b/uii'ib_ || AL ........... *wii9ab, LI 30] proclaim, announce; pronounce (v) .... duum-ii, dum(y)uu (= *dVVm-a[a]) [d-m < PAA ........... *-du1m- (Ehret) || Bantu _-dimi_ 'tongue' (Lipinski § 1.4) - concerning ........... the rather fitting inf./vn suffix *_-ii_, see /bear children/; also cf. ........... Arab. #m-d-H 'praise, extol' (metathesis?) and structurally BHebr. ........... _s.uudh_ (Jastrow), inf. of _s.aadh, -aa_ 'he hunted, stalked'] protect (v) .... naaD- or naDD- [n-D || note Akkad. _naSaaru_]; mEk-ii, -yuu (subj. ........... miky-) [m-k-j] punish (v) .... naayak, naa'ak [n-j-k] Punt, Land of (pr n) .... p(e)waani.t [p-w-n.t || due to an obscure subject, there ........... is little to be considered besides Swahili _pwani_ 'coast' (Takács)] pure; be ~, purify (adj/v) .... wu9bi, wi9bi / wuu9ub? wu9ab(b)? (pro *wa99ab-) ........... [w-9-b < PAA *-wa29- (Ehret) || AL: (unspecified) fut. form *_uw9obu_, ........... EotW 125 || Copt. _uop_; SCopt. _ua'b_ 'pure'] pyramid (n) .... maar [m-r #1 < PAA *mar- 'house' (OS) || in addition to CGr. ........... _pyy-ra(a)m-is_, cf. also Hebr. _haaraam: h(a)raam-_ (Metathesis in ........... both, w/ prefix? -- note potentially identical mt. in the base for ........... /love/, > Arab. _raam_. The Hebrew word might be a certain-degree ........... adaptation to native base #r-w-m, though.)] raft (n) .... shadad, shiid-, shadiid- [sh-d || compare Arab. _shadda_ 'he tied'; & ........... also a curiously abiding /sh/ <> /s/ correlation in Hebr. _raphsoodaa_]; ........... mih_naawa.t (for ?muh_anniwa.t, *mih_niiu.t[1]) [m-h_-n(-w).t < h_-n-j ........... || [1] cp. Hebr. millee't < m-l-: (Song 5:12), m6naqqiith < n-q-h] rainstorm, tempest (n) .... neshaan-a(a)/i? (or / > ME) nish(a)na? [n-sh-n-j] raven (n) .... 9ab(b)aaq-u [9-b-q || Copt. _abook, avook_ || note the side meaning ........... 'rob, despoil' of Hebr. _qaaba9_ (Sem. q <> Eg. 9 : cf. /life/)] read, recite (v) .... sha(a)d-ii, shåd(y)uu (= *shVda[a]yu; subj. shidy-) [sh-d-j] rebel (n) .... suubi (*saabi? *sibi?) [s-b-j] recall, bring to mind (v caus) .... saxxuuR-ii, saxxu(u)Ryuu (pres. or subj. ........... sixiR-) [s-x-3-j || the inf. stem may also be *suxxu(u)R-, cf. Akkad.] receive (v) .... (obtain) shaasap [sh-s-p || Copt. shoop]; (accept) saazap? sizip? ........... [s-z-p || WChadic _*s^ap-_] recognize (v) .... sii'iR? saayaR? [s-j-3 < PAA *si'- || cf. SCopt. _so[o]un_ ........... 'know' < stem like *_saayuu-_? || contrast /go/, q.v.] red(, be ~) (adj) .... dåshri, dushri / daasher? dushar(r)? [d-sh-r || cf. Copt. ........... _toorsh_, SCopt. ?_tshre_ (Crum) 'be red, blush' || Vycichl: *_daashir_ ........... (mt. *_daarish_) 'red'] Red Land (pr n) .... dashra.t, dåshra.t (*-i.t?) [*d-sh-r.t || also see /desert/] refuge, shelter (n) .... yaabuu, yabbuu [j-b-w < PAA *-yab- 'to protect' (Ehret)] relax (v caus) .... saqbuuH-ii, -(y)uu (saqbIH-) [s-q-b-H || the inf. stem may also ........... be *suqbu(u)H-, cf. Akkadian] relaxation (cstr phr) .... nåfru yib [n-f-r j-b] remainder, rest (n) .... DaaRi.t, DaRii.t, DaRiyyu.t (or *-a.t [after a guttural?]) ........... [D-3.t || cf. the Cairene vocalizations of the Arab. synonym, #b-q-y.t] remote, faraway (adj) .... Hoor(a) [H-r #4] rescue, save (v) .... naaHam [n-H-m] respect (v) .... sha(a)f-ii, shåf(y)uu (= *shVfa[a]yu; subj. shify-) [sh-f-j] retreat (v) .... Hu(u)m-ii, Hum(y)uu (= *HVma[a]yu; subj. Himy-) [H-m-j] rich (adj) .... khaawid [x-w-d] ring (n) .... yiw9ee (< *yVwa9-j-); yawii9i(y-) [j-w-9-j] rise (v) .... wuubun (*wabun-u?) [w-b-n < PAA *bul-? || q.v. /spring, source/] river (n) .... (y)itaar-uu, yataar-uu [j-t-r-w || AL *iatr-aw, -uw, LI 47 vs. EotW ........... 122 || Copt. _(e)ioor_, ACopt. _yoo're_, FCopt. _yaar, yaal_ || Hebr. ........... _y6'oor_ 'canal; river', _ha-y'oor_ 'the Nile'] riverbank (n) .... waDaab-u, waDb-u [w-D-b < PAA *-wadl- 'to flow' (Ehret)]; (also ........... 'shore') muuree.t, muraayi.t [m-r-y.t || cf. Copt. _meer/miir_ < ........... *muur- (AL)] road, way (n) .... waa'e.t (or *wooRe.t) [w-3.t (OS: w-3-(y).t) < PAA *-wa1a'- ........... 'start out to' (Ehret) || mdn. relatives have *u(u), see Takács, ........... "Dictionary" p. 99]; maTaan [m-T-n, < *m-kl < PAA *kVl- 'move'?]; ........... (path) khaa(R) [x-3 < PAA *ghwaax- (Ehret) || Copt. _kho_] roast (v) .... maa9aq [m-9-q]; (R)uushur [3-sh-r < PAA *^cur- (OS)] rob (v) .... 9uun-, alt. stem *9awan- > 9aan- [9-w-n || any connection with Hebr. ........... #:-w-n 'evil action'? (*q-w-n/l would be expected)] room (n) .... 9uut [9.t || Copt. _eei_ 'house' (Takács); note Coll. Arab. _9ooDa_]; ........... (chamber) 9ah_nuutee (*-niwt-?) [9-h_-n-w-t-y] root (n) .... siR(R)-, si'(')- [s-3 #2 < PAA *sa2r-/*si2r- (Ehret)] rope (n) .... nuuH-, nooH- (< *nawH-?) [n-w-H || Copt. _nuh_] rot (n) .... khazaad-u [x-z-d < PAA *h(a3ad- || any relation to Arab. _Hasad_ ........... 'envy'?] ruin (n/vn) .... waRaas, wa'aas [w-3-s #2 || apparently similar hypothesis by ........... Vycichl; q.v. p. 232 || contrast /scepter/] sack (n) .... sa'qu, saqqu [s-q; (OS: s-3-q) || Copt. _sok_ || Akkad. _sakku_, ........... Aram. _saqqaa_, Hebr. _saq_] sail (n) .... Hu(u)tuR, Hu(u)tiR [H-t-3 || cf. Copt. _hoot_ 'to sail'] sail (v) .... saagar? sigir? [s-g-r || Copt. _s'cheer, shcheer_ (< vn/al. with ........... /u:/?)]; kha(a)n-ii, khån(y)uu (= *khVna[a]yu; subj. khany-, khiny-) ........... [x-n-j < PAA *h(anaw/y- : for other genetically traced simulacra of ........... 'tertiae infirmae', see /place, put (#2)/, /strike (#2)/] salt (n) .... HamuuRa.t, Hamuu'a.t [H-m-3.t < PAA *-h.am- 'to spoil > sour' (Ehret) ........... || Copt. _hmu_, FCopt. _hemu_; Oromo _amool-ee_ 'bar of salt'] sand (n) .... shu9(9)ee [sh-9-y, ME sh-9 < PAA *^ce9- (OS) || Copt. _shoo_ ixt. ........... _shuu, shu'_ ("shou, shouou"); North Omotic _shiiya, siya_, South Omotic ........... _shayi, shaayo, sayy_ || regularly, PAA */e/ would appear to yield /a/; ........... also cf. /Tanis/ (another noun with */u/ + guttural)] satisfy; pacify (caus v) .... saHtIp (suHtup?) [s-H-t-p || AL uses the same voc., LI ........... 81 (note also stress, < LME /sHtep/)] save, rescue (v) .... naaHam [n-H-m] scale(s) (n sg) .... mikh(R)a.t, mikh'a.t [m-x-3.t] scalp (n) .... sumaa-', -R (pro *summuR?) [s-m-3 < PAA *su2m- (Ehret)] scepter; dominion (n) .... wa'uus [w-3-s #1 || contrast /ruin/] scroll (n) .... maDuuRa.t, miDRa.t [m-D-3.t] sea, ocean (n) .... waaD-waar (waadz-waar) [w-3-D - w-r]; (LE) yaam, yamm [j-m #2, ........... prob. from Semitic || SCopt. _iom_] seal, shut (v) .... khaatam? khiitim? [x-t-m || probably the cognate of common ........... Semitic #h.-t-m (Aram. _chaatham_, Arab. _khaatim_ 'a seal')] seat (n) .... Himaas-u, Hims-u [H-m-s || Copt. _hmo's_ 'to sit down', caus. _emso, ........... emse-, themso, themsa_ || on voc., cf. Arab. _qiwaam_ 'support, prop'] see (v) .... maaRa'- (possible var. maa'aR-) [m-3-3-n, m-3-3 < PAA *meri'- || Akkad. ........... _amaaru_ 'to see'; cf. Hebr. _mar'€€_ 'seeing, looking; the look'; and ........... concerning -n, the Egyptian Arabic vn suffix _-aan_?] seed (n) .... pira.t? piru.t?[1] [p-r.t < PAA *-fir- 'to flower, bear fruit' (Ehret) ........... || SCopt. _ebra_ (distinctive voicing due to _epra_ 'vanities'?), maybe ........... also in _fre_; probably of same origin as Hebr. _p6rudooth_ 'seed grain' ........... (Joel 1:17) and #p-r-h > _p6rii_ 'fruit' || AL *purUt, LI 57] [1] ........... *pirVt- > *peree > *ebra; see /cat/] seek, search (v) .... wåkhR-, wåkh'- (Thacker would give *waakheR) [w-x-3 < PAA ........... *-wax- 'to look at' (Ehret) || Copt. _woosh_] self, person (p) .... Diss-u/a, dzis [D-s < *g-s = Sem. *g-th-th : Arab. _juththaa_ ........... 'body' (Takács)]; (of body) Daat [D.t || Arab. _dhaat_] send (v) .... haa'ab [h-3-b < PAA *hVwab- (= Sem. #w/y-h-b?) || cf. /festival/] sentence (n) .... Tiis-, Tiss-u [T-s] servant (n) .... wadiip-uu (*widdiip-uu, *waddaap-uu) [w-d-p-w || Arab. _was.iif_]; ........... bu'ku [b-3-k < PAA *bi'ak- (OS) || in cuneiform ts. /bu-kur-ni-ni-ip/ = ........... b3k n rn.f 'servant of his name' || Copt. _book_ || STS: *ba3aak- (abstr ........... noun, 'service'?)]; Haamuu, (f.) Haamu.t [H-m-w #2; H-m.t < PAA *Ham- ........... || per interest compare Hebr. _chaam_ 'father-in-law', _chaamooth_ ........... 'mother-in-law', & #H-m-d 'to consider desirable'] seven (num) .... safkhu; safkha.t [s-f-x-w (m.); s-f-x.t (f.) < earlier *sab9- || ........... Copt. _sashf; sashfe_ || *_safkh-_, NDNM 24; *_safkhaw_, Austin 2008] shade, shadow (n) .... shiwwa.t, shiwwee.t [sh-w.t < PAA *^ci'-/*^ciw- 'darkness' ........... (OS) || cf. SCopt. _ha_? || Akkad. _shiwiitu_ ?'evening'] shape, form (n) .... yuruu; (y)irCuu [j-r-w || cf. also Aram. #r-b-w > ribboo ........... 'myriad' vs. #r-b-w > r6vuu 'greatness'] sharp; be ~ (adj/v) .... sapdi/saaped [s-p-d || AL *sapIdtVj 'thou (m.) art sharp', ........... LI 78 (*/sa:-pid-ta:/?)] shave (v) .... h_aa9aq (*h_uu9uq?) [h_-9-q || SCopt. _hoo'ke_] shepherd (n) .... manii'uu, manee'uu [m-n-j-w || Amarna ts. /ma-ni-e/ = _manee_ ........... 'Shepherd', name of the envoy of Amenhotep III || compare /soldier/] shield (n) .... ya'kuum-u, yakkuum-u; yakm-u [j-k-m(-w) < PAA *-yakw- or *-yaakw- ........... 'to conceal' (Ehret)] shine (v) .... paasaD [p-s-D < PAA *-pas'-/*-pac-/*-pats- (Ehret)] ship (n) .... yuum-u [j-m(-w) #1]; (convoy ship) wuu'iR, wayyaaR [w-j-3] shore; riverbank (n) .... muraayi.t, muuree.t [m-r-y.t || cf. Copt. _meer/miir_] shrine (n) .... kuur? kiir? [k-3-r; from PAA *kur- 'be round; a mountain'?] side (n) .... gass-? gaas-? [g-s < PAA *gac- (OS) || phrase example: (wj) r gs.k ........... '(I am) at your side'] sight (of eyes) (n) .... maaRa' [m-3-3 || voc. & radicals (cf. /see/) < EotW 113] silver (n) .... HiDD-u/a (pro *HaDD-) [H-D < base H-D 'to be white' (see also ........... /tooth/; /white/ || Copt. _hat(e), ha't(e)_] sing (v) .... Ha(a)s-ii, Hås(y)uu (= *HVsa[a]yu; subj. Hasy-) [H-s-j < PAA *-hes'- ........... 'to sing' (Ehret) || Copt. _hoos_] sister (n) .... saana.t [s-n.t || LI 53/EotW 122 || Copt. _soone_ (Crum 343) || ........... q.v. /brother/] sit (v) .... Haafad [H-f-d < PAA *-Haf- 'to lay' (Ehret)] skilled, clever, excellent; be ~ (adj) .... yaaqur, yaqri / yaaqer [j-q-r || cf. ........... Aram. & Hebr. #y-q-r] skin (n) .... *CVnaam-u > in(n)aam- [j-n-m < PAA *ilam- (OS) / *nim-/*nam- 'person' ........... (Ehret) || Copt. _anom_ (Ehret: "from earlier *_inam_")] sky, heaven (n) .... pi('i).t, piiya.t [p.t || Copt. _pe, phe_ || AL *pi.t, LI 57]; ........... Haara.t [H-r.t < PAA *Har- 'sky' (OS)]; niwwa.t, niiwa.t [n-w.t #2 < ........... PAA *liw- (OS) || contrast /city/; /time/ (#2); /wave/ (#2)] slate (n) .... bauhan, boohan [? (*b-w-h-n) || source: Salonen 1945?] slave (n) .... minaH, minH-u [m-n-H #2 < PAA *monVh.- (OS) : see /crocodile/] sleep (v) .... qidd- [q-d(-d) || SCopt. n. _kiite/kiide_, al. _kate_; cf. Hebr. ........... #q-d-d > _qaadad_ 'he has bowed down' || so also Vycichl: inf. ........... *qiidi.t, *qidya.t]; saaDar [s-d_-r || stat. sd_r.(w) = *_saD[i]raw_ ........... 'asleep'] snake (n) .... Haaf3VV > Håf'uu; poss. var. *HåfiiRuu? [H-f-3-w || SCopt. _hof_ || ........... Vycichl/AL: *_Haf3aw_ || cf. Hebr. _sh6fiifon_ "horned snake"]; naa9uu ........... [n-9-w < PAA *Na9w- (nasal /n/) 'python' (Ehret)] sneak, be surreptitious (v) .... katkat, katket [k-t-k-t < PAA *kat(kat)-] soldier (n) .... wi(i)9uu; wu9ii'-u [w-9-w || cuneiform ts. /u'-i-u'/, LI 39 || cf. ........... esp. /shepherd/ ixt. /one/, /traveller/] son (n) .... *zii3V > ziiR-i/u [z-3 || OCopt. _si-_ x2 in pr names; cf. also SCopt. ........... _sheere/shiire_ 'son, child' || Vycichl proposes one-time *z-3-y = ........... *_za3iiy-_ - compare to AL's (LE?) *_shiirij_, LI 60] sound, voice (n) .... khiruu [x-r-w < PAA *xwir- 'to rumble' (Ehret) || Copt. ........... _hr-_ in _hrui_ "grande voix" || due to */i/ not = Hebr. #q-(w-)l?] south (n) .... ruusuu, riisuu [r-s-w || Copt. _rees/riis_] southern (adj) .... ruusii? ruusay? [r-s-y || cf. Aram. -aay vs. (more archaic?) ........... Arab. -ii; old *-ay > nominal _-ee_?] speak (v) .... muduwwa, maduwaa [m-d-w; m-d-w-j || see /brand/; cf. /word/] spear (n) .... måkiri (> *mekiRi?) [? || STS || cf. m-x-3 'pierce with a spear' & ........... Hausa _maashìi_ 'spear'] spirit (n) .... (3)aakh- [3-x]; (life force) kuu'(-u) [k-3 #2 || /-ku-u/ x2 in ........... cuneiform ts.; Hausa _kurwaa_ 'soul' (< *kuru)] spit (v) .... ba(a)sh-ii, båsh(y)uu (= *bVsha[a]yu; subj. bishy-) [b-sh-j < PAA ........... *bic^-]; tuf(f)-, tif(f)- [t-f < PAA *-tuf- (Ehret) || SCopt. _taf_ || ........... Hebr. n. _toph€th_ (Job 17:6) < #t-p +t, fem. nom.] spring, source (n) .... wubu(u)n; ?wa'buun* [w-b-n < PAA *bul- (OS) || verb ........... counterpart: /rise/? || * w/ same pattern as Arabic _yanbuu9_ 'id.'?] staff (n) .... te'aasuu; ti'uusuu ('/y) [t-j-s-w] stairway (n) .... ra(a)uduu, rawaaduu [r-w-d-w < PAA *-ra2w-/*-ra2y- 'to rise' ........... (Ehret)] star (n) .... siiba'-u; sib3-u/a, siibu(u)'-u [s-b-3 #1 < *-c'u2b- (Ehret) || Copt. ........... _siu, siou, sew, sow-_ || coll. sb3w.t 'constellation' (*_sVb'uu.t_ or ........... *_sVb'iiwa.t_), LI 60 || contrast /gate/, #2] stay, remain (v) .... maan (alt. stem *miin-/*muun-) [m-n || = Sem. #:-m-n; inf. ........... *_maan-_ in Kienast, &al.] sting (v) .... Diidib, Duudub [D-d-b < PAA *-gwad-/*-gwid- 'to cut' (Ehret) || cf. ........... Som. _gud_ 'to circumcise'] stone (n) .... (y)a'niir, aaniir [j-n-r || Copt. _oone_, SCopt. _ene_, B/FCopt. ........... _ane_ || Belova gives PAA *nir/*nar (DEV 115); any connection with ........... Sum. _(na-4)nir_ 'a valuable stone'?] strength; fame (n) ... piHtá' [p-H-t-j, !p-H.t-j (a dual according to Vycichl: see ........... /land/) || Copt. pahte] strike (v) .... saakhat? (or caus. sixxuut-ii? [AL:] sixit?) [s-x-t #2]; Haaw-ii, ........... Håw(y)uu (= *HVwa[a]yu; subj. Hiwy-) [H-w-j < PAA *Haway-]; saaHar ........... [s-H-r || v. root & tl. by Ehret in the -04 Vycichl memorial volume ........... (p. 42)] strong; successful, victorious; be ~ (adj/v) .... naakhit (*nakhuut?) / naakhat ........... [n-x-t] suck, suckle; nurse (v caus) .... sunnuuq-ii, -(y)uu [s-n-q < PAA *nik.-/*nuk.- ........... (OS) / *-nuuk'- (Ehret) || Copt. _soonk_ || similar Coptic forms: ........... /answer/, /window/, /wolf/] summer, harvest season (n) .... sha'muu, shaamuu [sh-m-w #2 || Copt. _shoom_ || ........... cf. AL, LI pp. 58-60; Vycichl: *_shamm-_; note panlingual /o:/ < /a:/ ........... || contrast /traveller/] summon (v) .... naayas [n-j-s < PAA *-|nay- (palatal /n/) 'to speak loudly' ........... (Ehret)] sun, (idiom.) day (n/pr n) .... riia9, rii9-a [r-9 || Copt. _ree_] sunlight (n) .... (3)aakhuu? (3)iikhuu, -aau? [3-x-w || cf. /horizon/] sweat (n) .... faatee, faatii [f-t-y || SCopt. _foote_, BCopt. _footi_] sweet; be ~ (adj/v) .... naaDim? naDmi? / naaDem [n-D-m || AL *naaDim 'sweet', LI ........... 32]; (+ 'pleasant') baanir/baaner [b-n-r] take, seize (v) ... ya(a)t-ii, yåt(y)uu (= *[y]ita[a]yu; subj. [y]aty-, [y]ity-) ........... [j-t-j || Hebr. #H-t-h : perf _Haathaa_ (inf *_Håthoo[th], Hith'ath-_ ........... = possible Eg. nominal variants *_[y]itaaya.t, [y]itya.t_ [-y/-w] - ........... the latter would indeed parallel *_pirya.t_ "go out" (q.v.) by Thacker ........... (1954)!] Tanis (pr n) .... Du9(a)ni.t [D-9-n.t || SCopt. _ja'ne_, BCopt. _jani_ || AL has ........... *_Du9na.t_ from *s.u9n- which gave Hebr. _Soo9an_ (obv. Ps. 78:43); LI ........... 39, 245] tarry; stop, cease (v) .... (3)aab- (alt. stem *(3)iib-) [3-b || cf. /brand/] taste, experience (v) .... taap- [t-p < PAA *-dap- (Ehret) || SCopt. _toop_] tempest, rainstorm (n) .... neshaan-a/i? (or / > ME) nish(a)na? [n-sh-n-j] temple (n) .... Hawt, (elab.) Haawi.t [H-w.t || var. _Heyt_, EotW 124]; Hawt ........... nuTTar (naaTar?) [H-w.t n-T-r] ten (num) .... mu(u)Daw [m-D-w || EotW 127 || SCopt. _meet/miid_; Berber _mraw_ || ........... with long vowel also in *_muujaw_, Austin 2008] tent (n) .... ya33uum, iyyuum, yuum [j-3-m]; ziHH-a/u (vs. *zayH-, *zeeH-) [z-H #2] terror (n) .... na(a)ruu [n-r-w < PAA *-|ner- (palatal /n/) 'to fear' (Ehret)] Thebes (pr n) .... waa'sa.t? waa'su.t? [w-3-s.t] then (conj) .... (narrative) 9aHí9-n(a)- [9-H-9.n- || also voc. of sDm.n-; LI 77]; ........... wan.ín, wan.yún [w-n.j-n || also cp. Hausa _wan-_, pronominal prefix]; ........... (future) (y)aakh, (y)ukh (+ subj.) [j-x]; kaRa (+ subj.) [k-3 || SCush. ........... _kar, -a_] there, -in .... (adv) (y)ammaa, (y)aam [j-m || Copt. _mau, meu, moo, ........... (p-ma et-)mmaw; (ha)mnee_] thigh (n) .... (also 'haunch') miina.t [m-n.t #1 < PAA *miil- (Ehret)]; (also ........... 'knee') *pV3(V)d- > piid- [p-3-d; p-d < PAA *piiz-, Berb. *puuz- ........... (Ehret) || SCopt. _pat/pad_] thing, ware (n) .... nukuu.t (or *nuka.t) [n-k.t || Copt. _nka_ || cf. Hebr. _beeth ........... n6khooth_, 2 Kings 20:13 & Is. 39:2 || AL *nukUt; LI 251] think (v) .... khaamat [x-m-t] thirst (n) .... (y)iiba.t, (y)ib(b)ii.t, (y)ubbii.t [j-b.t || Copt. _(e)ib-e, ab-e, ........... -i, hipei_ || according to Ehret comes from PAA *-lib- 'to lap', the ........... possible relation of *that* to the noteworthy WSem. root #j-b-sh 'to ........... be(come) dry' (ClArab. _yabisa_) not being elaborated (except for ........... pre-Proto-Semitic *lb 'to lap up')] this, here (dem pn) .... nEna [n-n #1]; poo, puu [p-w; p-3 || in the name Potiphar; ........... Hebr. poo[h] 'here'] thorn (n) .... surru.t, sirru.t [s-r.t < PAA *cir- || SCopt. _sure_; cf. the ........... phonological background of MnEng 'sugar', 'fury'] Thoth (pr n) .... DiHuutee, -tii [D-H-w-t-y || "tixut-" in Neo-Bab. ts.] three (num) .... khamtu, khamtiu [x-m-t-w || Copt. _shomNt_ || *_khamtaw_, LI 71 & ........... Austin 2008] time (n) .... tuur [t-r < PAA *tuwur- || apparently = Sem. *t.awr- : Hebr. _Tuur_ ........... 'row' (Takács) || became Copt. _tee/tii_?]; na'w- ~ ni'y-; naww-a [n-w ........... #2 || Copt. _naw, noo, no, nu, new_ 'hour' || cf. /city/; /sky (#3)/; ........... /wave (#2)/] to, for (prep) .... na [n #1 < PAA *la || Akkad. _ana_ 'to' || EotW 113] today (adv) .... miyun(na), mi'un(na), muun [m-j-n, w/ PAA *'un-/yun- 'today' (OS) ........... || extended form postulated prior to noticing Takács' advocation for ........... "probably contained deictic *-ni"; East Cushitic _mulénni_ 'recently, ........... just now'] toe (n) .... suuRaH-, suulaH- [s-3-H || Cush. _suul-_ (Som.), _còòl-, cool-_] tolerance (n) .... wekhaaduu, wakhduu [w-x-d-w] tomb (n) .... ya(a)z- [j-z < PAA *ya3-]; khunnuu, khuunuu [x-n-w < PAA *h(un-2] tongue (n) .... niss-u/a, nis [n-s < PAA *lis- (OS) / *-lis'- 'to lick' (Ehret) || ........... Berber _i-les_ 'tongue' || in EotW on p. 113] tooth (n) .... nuHDa.t [n-H-D.t < H-D 'to be white' (see /silver/) || LI 251] top: on top of, over (prp) .... Hiir [H-r #3 || same as /above, over/?] town, city (n) .... naawa(a).t [n-j-w.t; n-w.t #1 || presuming a connection with ........... Hebr. _naa'aa, naawaa_ (qq. Naayooth, 1 Sam. 19:18?); apparently also ........... in South Cush. *_lawa_ 'local community' (Takács, "Dictionary") || cf. ........... /sky/ (#3); /wave/ (#2)] transformation (n) .... khuparr-u (*khupurr-u?) [x-p-r(-w) || AL *khupiraw, ........... *khupraw, LI 37 || the base means 'to become', q.v.] transgress (v) .... naanam [n-n-m] traveller (n) .... shaa'im-uu, shayyaam-uu, shiyyiim-uu, shim(m)-uu [sh-m-w #1 < PAA ........... *-£a2am- 'to leave' (Ehret) || one is /en tout cas/ reminded of Semitic ........... _shemesh_ = Aram. _shimshaa_ 'sun', Hebr. _esh_ 'fire'; compare with ........... /voyager/, /chief/, /guide/, /servant/; contrast /summer/] tread, trample (v) .... patput [p-t-p-t < PAA *-put- 'to step along' (Ehret)] tree; sycamore tree (n) .... naahu.t? nuuh.ut? [n-h.t || cf. Sidamo _hoon-_ 'juniper ........... tree'] truth, order of things (n) .... muR9a.t, muu9a.t [m-3-9.t || -u- from cuneiform ts., ........... see www.friesian.com/egypt.htm; Akkad. _muu_ (#2) 'cosmic ordinance' || ........... LI on p. 39] turtle (n) .... shatiyy-u [sh-t-y-w; sh-t-3 'the hidden' (pp vowel /a/ : LI 29) || ........... cf. Copt. _shits_ 'tortoise'] twig, branch (n) .... saabaar-, sabar- [s-b-r < PAA *cabar-] two (num) .... sinaaw-ay; sin(aa)tay (*sinaat-a/i?) [s-n-w(-j, m.); s-n-t-j (f.) < ........... PAA *chiny-, chin-ay- (Blazhek/NDNM 17) vs. *tsan- or *can- (Ehret) ........... || Copt. _snaw; snte_ || Vycichl proposes m. *_siniww-aay_ for the ........... theory of Eg. */i/ > Copt. /a/ (in closed syllables)] under, beneath (prp) .... h_ur, h_urr(e) [h_-r < PAA *xoor- 'ground' (Ehret) || ........... SCopt. _ha-_, BCopt. _kha-_ || AL has the same outcome (i.e., *h_ur), ........... LI 58] understand (v) .... (stem from LE/18th dyn.) 9aaraq [9-r-q < PAA *9arVk.-] very (adv) .... waariit (*waaraat?) [w-r-t || placed after the adjective (see ........... Allen § 7.4)] victorious; be ~ (adj/v) .... naakhit (*nakhuut?) / naakhat [n-x-t] victory (n) .... nakhtu [n-x-t #1/#2; n-x-t-w] voice, sound (n) .... khi(i)ruu [x-r-w < PAA *xwir- 'to rumble' (Ehret) || Copt. ........... _hr-_ in _hrui_ "grande voix"] voyage, sail (v caus) .... *sVqduud- or *sV'quud- > siqquud-ii, siqqu(u)dyuu (AL ........... siqid-, subj.?) [s-q-d-j || causative; < Akkad. inf. _shupruus-, ........... shapruus-_ (variant *_siqduud-_ must still be seen as possible)] voyager (n) .... suqqud-, saqqud-, saqquud- [s-q-d || voc. based on oldest Arabic ........... forms (Steingass) and the v adj of the Akkadian causative* || in SCopt. ........... _sarakoote, -koode_ (direct descendant from rhotacized synonym < ........... *sV'qVVd- or not?) || * vs. *?saqaadii sec. old Arab. sawaadiyy, etc.] wake (v) .... naahas [n-h-s] wall (of bricks) (n) .... (*CVnaab- >) inaab- [j-n-b < PAA *ilab- (OS)] water (n) .... maaw- [m-w < PAA *ma'- || Copt. _mou, mau, moou_ || Akkad. _muu_ (#1) ........... 'water'; cp. Arabic _maa'_ 'id.' beside _samaa'_ 'caelum', _samaawii_ ........... 'caelestis']; nawaay, nawwee [n-w-y (OS: n-w-y.t) < PAA *-|naw- (palatal ........... /n/) 'to be moist, damp' (Ehret) || compare Hausa _ruwaa, rue-_ 'water'] wave (n) .... wa(a)'uu, -'oo [w-3-w]; nuwwa.t [n-w.t #3 || cf. Hebr. #n-w-T 'to ........... tremble, quiver' and #n-w-d 'to sway, totter' : _t6nuudhaa_ 'swaying, ........... motion, instability' || contrast /city/; /sky/ (#3); /time/ (#2)] wax (n) .... månu(u)Hu (or *manuHHu) [m-n-H #1 < PAA *mal-, *ma2lH- (Ehret) || Copt. ........... _mulh_ 'wax; candle'] way, road (n) .... *waa3Vt- > waa3u.t (> waa.t?) [w-3.t < PAA *-wa1a'- 'start out ........... to' (Ehret)]; miTann-, maTaan-u (-tsh-) [m-T-n] we (ind pn) .... (c.) in(n)aanu [j-n-n || Copt. _anon, anan_; related to Semitic ........... (Akkad. _niinu_, Amh. _ïñña_) and Cushitic (Som. _inna-gu_)] weak; be ~ (adj/v) .... ginni/ginan(n) [g-n-n < PAA *gVlal-] weep (v) .... ra(a)m-ii? ru(u)m-? (subj. rimy-) [r-m-j] weigh, be heavy (v) .... waadan? wadun-? [w-d-n < PAA *dun-/t.un- (Belova) || Arab. ........... _wazana, wazuna_] well (n) .... shaadu.t [sh-d.t < PAA *c^ad- || SCopt. _shoote_, BCopt. _shooti_] west (n) .... (y)amina.t, i/u (sec. Vycichl's *_yamina_) [j-m-n.t < PAA *yamin- || ........... Copt. _emnt_ (S */amnte/, B */amenti/) = Sethe's _emente_ < *yamiinati? ........... || Hebr. _yaamiin_ 'right hand; south'?] what? (int pn) ..... ikh [j-x || Copt. _ash, esh, ah, eh_ || STS] where? (int adv) .... Tinaa (tshin-) [T-n(-j), ME t-n-j (*t'nee) || compare Hausa ........... _ìnaa_ 'where (is)? for what?'] which? (int adj) .... yaaT (yaatsh) [j-T || LI 137] white, bright (adj) ... HuDD-[i] (verbal *HiDaDD- or *HaaDeD) [H-D || see also ........... /silver/; /tooth/] wind, breeze (n) .... yuun [j-w-n || WChadic *_ruwun-_ 'wind' (OS) || cf. Hebr. ........... _yoonaa_ 'dove']; maa9uu, -9oo [m-3-9-w < PAA *ma9aw-/*ma9ay-]; ........... Hanbuub, Hanbiib (var. *Hunbaab?) [H-n-b-b || Cush. _hombob-, ........... hobomb-Vl-_, Central Chadic _hembé_ 'wind'] window (n) .... su'ashd-u, sushad(d-u) (sushshaad-?!), sa'aashud, sa'uushed ........... [s-sh-d || Copt. _shusht/-d; (Crum) shoo[sht]_] wine (n) .... (y)uurip, (y)uurup, (y)oorap [j-r-p || Copt. _eerp_; cf. Old Nubian ........... _orpa-gir_ 'to make wine' (Lipinski) and Hebr. #9-r-p/#r-9-p 'to drip, ........... dribble'] wing (n) .... DunaaH-u, DinaaH-u [D-n-H < PAA *gan(V)H-, *gonVH- || SCopt. ........... _tnh/dnh, jnah_, BCopt. _chnah_; Arab. _janaaH_ 'wing, extension' || ........... Vycichl concurs vocalizationally; per interest cf. /night/] wipe (away, out) (v) .... siik- [s-k < PAA *-c'uuk-/*-c'iik' 'to rub off' (Ehret) ........... || Copt. _siike_ 'to mill'] with, together with (prp) .... Hun(a)9, Hin(a)9, Hin9a [H-n-9 || Chad. _hóná, h@n, ........... hen, hun_ || AL mentions Arab. _9inda_ in same context (cognate?) (LI ........... 100)] wolf (n) .... wa'anish- (> waanish); winaash (i/a); waanuush [w-n-sh || SCopt. ........... _uoonsh, oonsh_, ACopt. _ua(a)nsh_ || cf. /river/; /answer/] woman, wife (n) .... (e.g. *Hiyyam-t-/*Hayiim-t- pro *Haayam-t- >) Hiyyama.t, ........... Hiima.t [H-j-m.t, H-m.t || SCopt. _shi(i)me, pl. hiome_ || j = *long ........... vowel = /i:/ < Coptic (so also AL: LI 59, 77); Takács would imply /u/ ........... or /a:/ ("Dictionary")] wood; piece of ~ (nm) .... khit, khut [x-t #3 < *gha2- 'tree' (Ehret) || Copt. ........... _she_ || voc. Allen § 3.1] word (n) .... mid'u.t / (speech) mid'-uu, -oo [m-d.t / m-d-w #2 < PAA *mud- || ........... pl. *maduww [< Copt. mtaw] by AL, EotW 132 - for contrast see /book/ || ........... related to Sem. #m-l-h < #m-l(-l)? Cf. also Akkad. pattern 1a2uu & see ........... /jar (#2)/; /brand/] work, works (n) .... kaa'uu.t (or fpl. *kaawaat, *kaa'aat) [k-3-w.t; k-3.t] wound (n) .... wabiinuu, wibnuu [w-b-n-w || orig. < PAA *bi'- 'to pierce, *wreak ........... damage'] wretched (adj) .... muRri, murri [m-3-r, ME v. m-r [*murr or *marr < *murar-r] || ........... presuming a connection with Sem. #m-r-r 'to be bitter' (Akkad. _murru_) ........... || cf. /canal/] write (v) .... zish(sh)- [z-sh, ME s-sh < PAA *-zo(o)£- (Ehret)]; ziih_i' [z-h_-3 || ........... Dem. s-h_, v/n || voc. /i/, LI 89]; the Copt. equivalent of these (prob. ........... from the latter) is _s'he, s(a)hi, se, si_ ("shai, s(a)hei", etc.) wrong, injustice (n) .... yazfa.t (< *yazVVfat-?) [j-z-f.t < PAA *-9adz- (Ehret) || ........... cf. /west/; /childhood/] year (n) .... ranpu.t [r-n-p.t || Copt. _rompe_ || STS || AL *ranpa.t, LI 59]; ........... (regnal) Hasba.t (-bu.t?) [H-s-b.t, < H-s-b 'count', q.v.] yes (adv) .... tiuu [t-j-w < PAA *tiya'-/*tiyaw- 'to be right, true'] yesterday (n/adv) .... såff-a/i, soof-a [s-f || Copt. _saf_, A/FCopt. _sef_] you (ind pn sg) .... (m.) nita(a)k-a/u, (f.) nita(a)Ti [n-t-k; n-t-T, n-t-t || ........... Vycichl: *ni.t-aa-ka 'that which (is) by thee'; Ehret gives PAA *ku, ........... *ka (m.); *ki (f.) - likewise Lipinski, ntT < *nt-ki] you (ind pn pl) .... nita(a)Tin(a) [n-t-T-n, ME n-t-t-n < PAA *kuuna 'you' (pl. ........... bound form) (Ehret); Lipinski has nt-Tn < *nt-kin] young; be ~ (adj/v) .... ranpi/raanep [r-n-p] young generation, the (n) .... diRmuu, di'muu (or *daRuumuu) [d-3-m-w] youth (n) .... Hiwwan? Hiwiin-? [H-w-n < PAA *HiwVn-] - ALSO COMPARE http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=egyptian&searchmode=nl http://www.inksauce.com/egypt.htm http://www.iut.univ-paris8.fr/~rosmord/Qenherkhepeshef/intro2.html - LITERATURE CONSULTED Allen, James P. : Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of ........... Hieroglyphs (Cambridge University Press, 2004) Cerný, Jaroslav : Coptic Etymological Dictionary (Cambridge University Press, 1976) Crum, Walter Ewing : A Coptic Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 1939). ........... Browsable online at http://www.metalog.org/files/crum.html Ehret, Christopher : Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian). Vowels, ........... Tone, Consonants and Vocabulary (University of California Press, 1995). ........... Samples browsable via http://books.google.com Lipinski, Edward : Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (Peeters, ........... 2001). Partly browsable at http://books.google.com Loprieno, Antonio : Ancient Egyptian. A Linguistic Introduction (Cambridge ........... University Press, 1995). Samples browsable via http://books.google.com ........... and http://www.amazon.com Orel, Vladimir E. & Stolbova, Olga V. : Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary. ........... Materials for reconstruction (Brill Academic Pub, 1995). Online data ........... can be found at http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/main.cgi?root=config Takács, Gábor (ed.) : Egyptian and Semito-Hamitic (Afro-Asiatic) Studies: In ........... Memoriam W. Vycichl (Brill Academic Pub, 2004) Takács, Gábor : Development of Afro-Asiatic (Semito-Hamitic) comparative- ........... historical linguistics in Russia and the former Soviet Union (LINCOM ........... Europa, 1999) Thacker, T. W. : The Relationship of the Semitic and Egyptian Verbal Systems ........... (Oxford University Press, 1954) Vycichl, Werner : Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte (Peeters, 1984) Wilson, Penelope : Hieroglyphs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, ........... 2004) Zaborski, Andrzej (ed.) : New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics ........... (Harrassowitz, 2001). For precise publication data and table of ........... contents, see http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title_1839.ahtml - NOTES ON VOCALIZATION PATTERNS Thacker, T. W. (1954) *_pir-ye(t)_ > Copt. prre (A prrie) *_rish-we(t)_ > Copt. rashe (B rashi, F leshi) *_taamVm_ > Copt. toom (loaned) _9agaalata_ > Copt. aholte Vycichl, Werner (ed. Bynon, 1984) *_t_alliil-aw_ > Copt. taleel *_Halliik-aw_ > Copt. haleec *_HarriiH-aw_ > Copt. hareec